Extensive agricultural,industrial and urban development in the Yellow River,China,have modified the sediment-water balance,flow and inundation regimes,longitudinal connectivity,integrity of riparian vegetation,and water quality.Macroinvertebrate assemblages in the bed sediment of main channel and major reservoirs of the Yellow River are described in detail for the first time.A total of 74 taxa comprising 17 taxa of oligochaetes,48 taxa of aquatic insects,5 taxa of molluscs,and 4 taxa of other animals were recorded.A range of feeding guilds were represented,including, collector-gatherers(32 taxa),predators(17 taxa),scrapers(16 taxa),shredders(6 taxa)and collector-filterers(2 taxa).Both the mean density and biomass of macroinvertebrates were significantly higher in sites located in the artificial reservoirs compared with the main river channel. Assemblages varied spatially;Oligochaetes dominated assemblages in upper reaches,insects dominated in middle reaches and other animals(e.g.Crustacea)dominated in lower reaches. Collector-gatherers were dominant throughout the entire river.Classification analysis identified five site-groups on the basis of macroinvertebrate presence/absence:downstream of reservoirs;vegetated sites;reservoir sites;polluted sites,and;lower-reach sites.Lower macroinvertebrate richness,density and biomass,compared with other similar large rivers,were attributed to modification of the sediment-water balance and associated disturbance of benthic habitats.Pollution,stability of sediment and sediment concentration combined to influence the distribution of macroinvertebrates.This knowledge will substantially benefit the recent focus on the health and environmental water requirements of the Yellow River. Extensive agricultural, industrial and urban development in the Yellow River, China, have modified the sediment-water balance, flow and inundation regimes, longitudinal connectivity, integrity of riparian vegetation, and water quality. Macroinvertebrate assemblages in the bed sediment of main channel and major reservoirs of the Yellow River are described in detail for the first time. A total of 74 taxa comprises 17 taxa of oligochaetes, 48 ​​taxa of aquatic insects, 5 taxa of molluscs, and 4 taxa of other animals were recorded. A range of feeding guilds were represented, including, collector-gatherers (32 taxa), predators (17 taxa), scrapers (16 taxa), shredders (6 taxa) and collector- filterers (2 taxa) .Both the mean density and biomass of macroinvertebrates were significantly higher in sites located in the artificial reservoirs compared with the main river channel. Assemblages varied spatially; Oligochaetes dominated assemblages in upper reaches, insects dominated in middle reaches and other animals (egCrusta Collector-gatherers were dominant throughout the entire river. Classification analysis identified five site-groups on the basis of macro invertebrate presence / absence: downstream of reservoirs; vegetated sites; reservoir sites; polluted sites, and; lower- reach sites.Lower macroinvertebrate richness, density and biomass, compared with other similar large rivers, were attributed to modification of the sediment-water balance and associated disturbance of benthic habitats. Pollution, stability of sediment and sediment concentration combined to influence the distribution of macroinvertebrates .This knowledge will substantially benefit the recent focus on the health and environmental water requirements of the Yellow River.