Picea mongolica W.D.Xu is an endemic and endangered species which is only found in semi-add areas of northern China.It has been widely used as an afforestation tree in the establishment of the Three-North Shelterbelt System for its adaptation to arid soils and as a virescent tree in urban gardens and streets for its beautiful shape.Due to different microenvironments,P.mongolica populations may differentiate into many ecological groups with different adaptive abilities.Long-term adaptation to a dry environment makes P.mongolica differentiate into different ecotypes.Typical ecotypes are P.mongolica f.purpurea (Fp),P.mongolica f.rubra (Fr) and P.mongolica f.viridis (Fv).Our results show that cone size is clearly not uniform among different ecotypes; the largest cones are found in the Fv ecotype and the smallest in Fp.There were also distinct differences between these ecotypes in terms of height and length of squama.At the molecular level,the zymograms of peroxidase and lipase prove the existence of different ecotypes in P.mongolica.The results are useful for investigating and managing this rare spruce species in China.