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证据法的历史就是在不同时代对具体问题作出的一系列基本上彼此独立之回应的历史。[1]有些规则,比如封印文书之终结性效力,形成相对较早;对证人资格的限制则确立于16世纪;免予自证其罪的特权、传闻规则及其例外以及无罪推定都有其自身的故事,并不是所有这些规则都能被确定地追溯。[2]从19世纪中期至今,关于零散的立法干预以及在法典化方面诸多努力的那段持续不断的历史,则更少见诸纸面。[3]证据研究的思想史同样是复杂的——它至少可以回溯至古典修辞学,并且因为认知哲学、有关上帝存在之证明的争论、概率论的形成以及现代心理学、法庭科学以及其他几个领域的发展而产生了许多令人着迷的分支。本研究的当下背景则是有关司法证据之二手专业性著述的发展。
The history of the law of evidence is the history of a series of essentially independent responses to specific problems in different times. [1] Some rules, such as the final effect of a seal instrument, have been relatively early in formation; restrictions on the qualification of witnesses were established in the 16th century; privileges exempted from self-incrimination, hearsay rules and their exceptions, and presumption of innocence Not all of these rules can be traced back to their own story. [2] From the mid-nineteenth century to the present, the ongoing history of fragmented legislative intervention and many efforts in codification has been less visible. The history of evidence in evidence research is equally complex - it can be traced back to classical rhetoric at least, and because of the controversy over the philosophy of cognition, the proof of God’s existence, the formation of probability theory, and modern psychology, forensic science, and others The development of several areas has led to many fascinating branches. The current background to this study is the development of secondhand professional writing on judicial evidence.