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咸丰、同治年间，黄河多次决口漫流，汹涌澎湃之水灾肆虐于山东３０多个州县，其祸害之烈，惨不忍睹。连年的水灾造成山东人口迁移，其形式有三种：（一）以湖团形式移民于铜、沛、鱼等地；（二）南河故道移民；（三）后撤型移民。黄河漫流地区的人口迁移具有以下特点：（一）迁出地较为单一；（二）漫流区内部移民差异不显著；（三）移民的自发性；（四）移民的生存性。灾民外迁产生了复杂的影响：对于迁出地来说，它部分地缓解了当地的人口压力，但土著流徙加剧了土地荒芜、村落萧条、城镇衰微；对迁入地来说，大量的移民前来开发荒地，有利于经济的恢复和发展，同时在政治、文化、政区设置等方面引起了当地社会的某些变动。
Xianfeng, Tongzhi years, the Yellow River repeatedly rude, the surging flood ravaged in more than 30 counties in Shandong, its scourge of violence, appalling. The successive floods caused the migration of Shandong population in three forms: (1) immigrating to the lake, pei, fish and other places in the form of a lake regiment; (2) immigrating to the old course of the Nanhe River; (3) withdrawing immigrants. The population migration in the area where the Yellow River flooded is characterized by the following characteristics: (1) It is relatively simple to move out; (2) There is no significant difference in internal migration in the area where flooding is carried out; (3) Spontaneousity of immigrants; and (4) Survivability of immigrants. The relocation of the victims has had a complicated impact: it partially relieved the population pressure on the part of the migrants, but the displacement of land has exacerbated the desertification of the land, the decline of the villages and the decay of the towns; and a large number of immigrants To come to the development of wasteland is conducive to the economic recovery and development, while causing some changes in the local community in terms of politics, culture and political establishment.