工业时代市场营销组合的４ＰＳ（即产品、地点、价 格、促销），是以大规模生产、营销、采购、广告、以及消费为基础。有营销专家撰文说，本世纪市场营销观念主要经历了三个阶段，即生产观念、推销观念以及需求观念。前两个阶段所处的经济时代的一个显著特征是：“供给”决定“ The 4PS (ie, product, location, price, promotion) of the Industrial Age marketing mix is ​​based on mass production, marketing, purchasing, advertising, and spending. A marketing expert wrote that the concept of marketing this century has gone through three stages, namely, the concept of production, marketing concepts and concepts of demand. One notable feature of the economic era in which the first two phases are located is that “the supply” decision "