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二战后的英国,既有全球化趋势,也有强大的去全球化趋势。去全球化既产生于经济体系当中的结构性变化——宽泛意义上的向“服务型经济”转型——也起因于有意识的政府行为。除了国家增加福利支出的长期趋势之外,这种政府行为最突出的表现是英格兰北部、苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰老工业区公共部门就业的增长,虽然这方面的增长随着现在保守党自由民主党联合政府削减开支正在发生逆转。英国现在实行的政策影响强劲,却几乎无人论及,为便于理解,姑且称之为“区域凯恩斯主义”:私营部门无法提供就业时,政府就直接或间接出面帮扶,消除负面影响。去全球化的力量各有出处,来源并非单一,但是,凡有意而为者,恰恰反映了一种强烈的动机,那就是寻求经济安全,以消解全球化带来的种种不安全。
After World War II, Britain has both the trend of globalization and the trend of going global. The de-globalization that has taken place in the structural transformation of the economy-a transition to a “service-oriented economy” in the broader sense-also results from conscious government behavior. In addition to the long-term trend of increasing welfare spending in the country, the most prominent manifestation of such government activity is the growth in public-sector employment in the old industrial areas of northern England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland, although growth in this area is increasing with the current liberalization of the Conservative Liberal Democrats Coalition government spending cuts are reversing. For the sake of understanding, let us call it “regional Keynesianism”: when the private sector can not provide employment, the government directly or indirectly helps and eliminates negative effects . The source of the forces of globalization have their own sources and not a single source. However, those who wish to do so precisely reflect a strong motive to seek economic security so as to eliminate all kinds of insecurity caused by globalization.