论文部分内容阅读
定语从句是中学阶段英语学习中一个十分重要的语法项目，也是高考重要的考点之一。从近几年的高考试题中可以看出，定语从句题目的命制精彩纷呈、匠心独具，从不同的角度考查了学生对本语法的综合运用能力。现在是二轮复习中，如何让学生在这一过程中强化此知识点，显得尤为重要。本文在讲解的基础上主要通过设置梯度不同的练习，让学生进行强化训练，从而熟练掌握这一知识点。
一、定语从句的实质：
观察下面句子：
1. I was born in a poor family .
I was born in a family which was poor .
2. Li Ning was an excellent gymnast.
Li Ning was a gymnast who was excellent.
从上面的两个例子不难看出，定语从句起形容词的作用，修饰名词或代词，放在它们后面；定语从句与形容词只是位置不同，单个形容词放在名词或代词前面。所以，定语从句又被称为形容词性从句。
二、定语从句的形成：
1.前提条件：含有定语从句的句子也是复合句的一种，所以由两个或两个以上的有一定关系的单句才能构成含有定语从句的复合句。看下面句子：
I have a book. It is interesting.这两句可以形成定语从句：I have a book which is interesting.如果两个句子没有相同的部分便不能形成定语从句。请观察以下两句：She is reading a novel.He likes the film.
2. 确定主从句：从语法上讲，两个句子谁当主句都行。但要看表达哪个意思，要表达的主要意思的句子便为主句，另外一个就是从句，必须从意义上讲得通顺。
三、定语从句的概念：
在复合句中，修饰一个名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。一般情况下，定语从句必须紧跟在先行词之后。引导定语从句的词叫关系词。常见的关系词有关系代词that, which, who, whom, whose和关系副词where, when, why等。
四、定语从句的关键：
1.纵观定语从句的形成过程，正确选择关系词是掌握定语从句的关键，而关系词的选择完全取决于先行词在定语从句中所充当的成分。定语从句的关系词共有九个，它们在从句中所充当的成分见下表：
2.关系词的选择可分以下几部：
（1）找出两句中相同的部分，确定先行词。
（2）先行词是人还是物？
（3）关系词在从句中作何成分？
五、高考回眸
1. ——Where did you get to know her?
——It was on the farm ________we worked. (2007年山东卷)
A．that
B．there
C．which
D．where
解析：答案D。本题主要考查强调句it is / was +被强调内容 + that + 句子的其他成分，强调句里面包含了一个定语从句。“我们工作的农场”是句子的被强调内容，that 及后面的部分都省略了, the farm是先行词，在定语从句中作状语。故选where.
2. Look out! Don't get too close to the house_______ roof is under repair. （2006年福建卷）
A. whose
B. which
C. of which
D. what
解析：答案A。本题的先行词是house，在定语从句中作定语修饰名词roof。关系词中作定语的只有whose。 解题思路：本题考查的目的是whose在定语从句中的用法，干扰项B的迷惑性最大。
3. Women ______ drink more than two cups of coffee a day have a greater chance of having heart disease than those _______ don’t. （2006年北京卷）
A. who；不填
B. 不填；who
C. who；who
D. 不填；不填
解析：答案C。定语从句是由关系代词和关系副词引导的从句，其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个成分。本题考查关系代词的基本用法之一：关系代词作主语时不能省略，指人用who(宾格用whom)或that；指物用which或that。解题思路：首先分析句子成分，找出主句中的先行词women和those，然后确定句中需要两个who在从句中分别充当主语，引导一个定语从句。
4. Jim passed the driving test, ______ urprised everybody in the office. （2005年浙江卷）
A．which
B．that
C．this
D．it
解析：答案为A。which 引导定语从句，作主语，指代Jim通过驾驶考试这件事情。在非限制性定语从句中只能用which而不能用that 引导。
5. There are two buildings, ________ stands nearly a hundred feet high. (2004年湖北卷)
A. the larger
B. the larger of them
C. the larger one that
D. the larger of which
解析：答案为D。the larger of which = and the larger of the two buildings; B选项缺少一个连词。
六、专项练习
(一)Combine the following pairs of sentences, using when, where, why, who, whom, whose and that.
1. The man is in the next room.
He brought my dictionary here yesterday. →
2. The magazine is mine.
He has taken it away. →
3. This is the boy.
His sister is a famous singer. →
4. He didn’t finish his homework for this reason.
The reason is that he didn’t feel well yesterday. →
5. That was an unforgettable morning.
Chairman Mao went to our school that morning. →
6. One morning an elephant was led down the road.
Six blind men stood on the road begging. →
7. He works in a middle school.
There is a river in front of the school. →
8. The day was September 8, 1989.
She was born on the day. →
(二)Choose the best answers.
1. The farm _____ we stayed last week is a lovely place for a holiday.
A. when
B. where
C. that
D. at that
2. You can take any seat _____ is free.
A. which
B. where
C . in which
D. that
3. The days are gone______we use “foreign matches”.
A. during when
B. during that
C. on which
D. during which
4. Finally the thief handed in everything _____ he had stolen to the police.
A. which
B. that
C. what
D. whatever
5. The lecture spoke of some writers and novels _____ were known to us all.
A. which
B. that
C. who
D. what
6. I can still remember the sitting room _____ my mother and I used to sit in the evening.
A. what
B. which
C. that
D. where
7. Some of the roads were flooded, ________ makes our journey more difficult.
A. which
B. that
C.it
D. what
8. The only question _____ is to find our way home.
A. that mattered
B. that matters
C. which mattered
D. matter
9. In the dark street, there wasn’t a single person _____ she could turn for help.
A. that
B. who
C. from whom
D. to whom
10. The farmers used wood to build a house _____ grain can be stored.
A. with which
B. where
C. in that
D. which
(三) Complete the following sentences, using
propositions and which,whom.
1. Jeanne was her friend ____ ____ Mathilde borrowed a diamond necklace for the ball.
2. Now I have come to know the reason ____ ___ he is coming to New York.
3. The girl, _____ _____ we went to the theatre, was missing.
4. I will never forget the day _____ _____ I saw Chairman Mao.
5. The pencil _____ _____ I was writing was broken.
6. The Second World War, _____ _____ millions of people were killed took place in 1945.
(四)Complete the following sentences.
1. Here is the pen _____________________ . (你昨天丢失的)
2. He is the most careful boy _________________ . (我所知道的)
3. I have lost the watch ________________ .(我父亲给我的)
4. Wheat is a plant ___________________ . (中国北方都种植的)
5. The teacher ________________ (站在附近的)saw what happened.
(五)Translation (using the attributive clauses).
1.他就是我要见的那个人。
2.我有几个父母在上海工作的同学。
3.我们最喜欢的那个导演是Spieberg。
4.二十年前我们建的那幢楼已经不能用了。
5.刚才与你握手的那个人是谁？
专项练习答案
一、1. The man who brought my dictionary here yesterday is in the next room.
2. The magazine that he has taken away is mine.
3. This is the boy whose sister is a famous singer .
4. The reason why he didn’t finish his homework is that he didn’t feel well yesterday.
5. That was an unforgettable morning when Chairman Mao went to our school.
6. One morning an elephant was led down the road where six blind men stood begging.
7. He works in a middle school in front of which there is a river.
8. The day she was born was September 8, 1989.
二、 1-5 BDDBB6-10 DABDB
三、 1. from whom 2. for which3. with whom
4. on which5. with which 6. during which
四、1. which/that you lost yesterday
2. that I know / that I have ever known
3. that / which my father give me 4. that /which is grown in the north of China 5. who was standing nearby
五、1. He is the man (whom) I want to see.
2. I have some classmates whose parents are working in Shanghai.
3. The director who /whom /that we like most is Spieberg.
4. The building (that/ which) we built 20 years ago can’t be used now.
5. Who is the man with whom you just shook hands?
一、定语从句的实质：
观察下面句子：
1. I was born in a poor family .
I was born in a family which was poor .
2. Li Ning was an excellent gymnast.
Li Ning was a gymnast who was excellent.
从上面的两个例子不难看出，定语从句起形容词的作用，修饰名词或代词，放在它们后面；定语从句与形容词只是位置不同，单个形容词放在名词或代词前面。所以，定语从句又被称为形容词性从句。
二、定语从句的形成：
1.前提条件：含有定语从句的句子也是复合句的一种，所以由两个或两个以上的有一定关系的单句才能构成含有定语从句的复合句。看下面句子：
I have a book. It is interesting.这两句可以形成定语从句：I have a book which is interesting.如果两个句子没有相同的部分便不能形成定语从句。请观察以下两句：She is reading a novel.He likes the film.
2. 确定主从句：从语法上讲，两个句子谁当主句都行。但要看表达哪个意思，要表达的主要意思的句子便为主句，另外一个就是从句，必须从意义上讲得通顺。
三、定语从句的概念：
在复合句中，修饰一个名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。一般情况下，定语从句必须紧跟在先行词之后。引导定语从句的词叫关系词。常见的关系词有关系代词that, which, who, whom, whose和关系副词where, when, why等。
四、定语从句的关键：
1.纵观定语从句的形成过程，正确选择关系词是掌握定语从句的关键，而关系词的选择完全取决于先行词在定语从句中所充当的成分。定语从句的关系词共有九个，它们在从句中所充当的成分见下表：
2.关系词的选择可分以下几部：
（1）找出两句中相同的部分，确定先行词。
（2）先行词是人还是物？
（3）关系词在从句中作何成分？
五、高考回眸
1. ——Where did you get to know her?
——It was on the farm ________we worked. (2007年山东卷)
A．that
B．there
C．which
D．where
解析：答案D。本题主要考查强调句it is / was +被强调内容 + that + 句子的其他成分，强调句里面包含了一个定语从句。“我们工作的农场”是句子的被强调内容，that 及后面的部分都省略了, the farm是先行词，在定语从句中作状语。故选where.
2. Look out! Don't get too close to the house_______ roof is under repair. （2006年福建卷）
A. whose
B. which
C. of which
D. what
解析：答案A。本题的先行词是house，在定语从句中作定语修饰名词roof。关系词中作定语的只有whose。 解题思路：本题考查的目的是whose在定语从句中的用法，干扰项B的迷惑性最大。
3. Women ______ drink more than two cups of coffee a day have a greater chance of having heart disease than those _______ don’t. （2006年北京卷）
A. who；不填
B. 不填；who
C. who；who
D. 不填；不填
解析：答案C。定语从句是由关系代词和关系副词引导的从句，其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个成分。本题考查关系代词的基本用法之一：关系代词作主语时不能省略，指人用who(宾格用whom)或that；指物用which或that。解题思路：首先分析句子成分，找出主句中的先行词women和those，然后确定句中需要两个who在从句中分别充当主语，引导一个定语从句。
4. Jim passed the driving test, ______ urprised everybody in the office. （2005年浙江卷）
A．which
B．that
C．this
D．it
解析：答案为A。which 引导定语从句，作主语，指代Jim通过驾驶考试这件事情。在非限制性定语从句中只能用which而不能用that 引导。
5. There are two buildings, ________ stands nearly a hundred feet high. (2004年湖北卷)
A. the larger
B. the larger of them
C. the larger one that
D. the larger of which
解析：答案为D。the larger of which = and the larger of the two buildings; B选项缺少一个连词。
六、专项练习
(一)Combine the following pairs of sentences, using when, where, why, who, whom, whose and that.
1. The man is in the next room.
He brought my dictionary here yesterday. →
2. The magazine is mine.
He has taken it away. →
3. This is the boy.
His sister is a famous singer. →
4. He didn’t finish his homework for this reason.
The reason is that he didn’t feel well yesterday. →
5. That was an unforgettable morning.
Chairman Mao went to our school that morning. →
6. One morning an elephant was led down the road.
Six blind men stood on the road begging. →
7. He works in a middle school.
There is a river in front of the school. →
8. The day was September 8, 1989.
She was born on the day. →
(二)Choose the best answers.
1. The farm _____ we stayed last week is a lovely place for a holiday.
A. when
B. where
C. that
D. at that
2. You can take any seat _____ is free.
A. which
B. where
C . in which
D. that
3. The days are gone______we use “foreign matches”.
A. during when
B. during that
C. on which
D. during which
4. Finally the thief handed in everything _____ he had stolen to the police.
A. which
B. that
C. what
D. whatever
5. The lecture spoke of some writers and novels _____ were known to us all.
A. which
B. that
C. who
D. what
6. I can still remember the sitting room _____ my mother and I used to sit in the evening.
A. what
B. which
C. that
D. where
7. Some of the roads were flooded, ________ makes our journey more difficult.
A. which
B. that
C.it
D. what
8. The only question _____ is to find our way home.
A. that mattered
B. that matters
C. which mattered
D. matter
9. In the dark street, there wasn’t a single person _____ she could turn for help.
A. that
B. who
C. from whom
D. to whom
10. The farmers used wood to build a house _____ grain can be stored.
A. with which
B. where
C. in that
D. which
(三) Complete the following sentences, using
propositions and which,whom.
1. Jeanne was her friend ____ ____ Mathilde borrowed a diamond necklace for the ball.
2. Now I have come to know the reason ____ ___ he is coming to New York.
3. The girl, _____ _____ we went to the theatre, was missing.
4. I will never forget the day _____ _____ I saw Chairman Mao.
5. The pencil _____ _____ I was writing was broken.
6. The Second World War, _____ _____ millions of people were killed took place in 1945.
(四)Complete the following sentences.
1. Here is the pen _____________________ . (你昨天丢失的)
2. He is the most careful boy _________________ . (我所知道的)
3. I have lost the watch ________________ .(我父亲给我的)
4. Wheat is a plant ___________________ . (中国北方都种植的)
5. The teacher ________________ (站在附近的)saw what happened.
(五)Translation (using the attributive clauses).
1.他就是我要见的那个人。
2.我有几个父母在上海工作的同学。
3.我们最喜欢的那个导演是Spieberg。
4.二十年前我们建的那幢楼已经不能用了。
5.刚才与你握手的那个人是谁？
专项练习答案
一、1. The man who brought my dictionary here yesterday is in the next room.
2. The magazine that he has taken away is mine.
3. This is the boy whose sister is a famous singer .
4. The reason why he didn’t finish his homework is that he didn’t feel well yesterday.
5. That was an unforgettable morning when Chairman Mao went to our school.
6. One morning an elephant was led down the road where six blind men stood begging.
7. He works in a middle school in front of which there is a river.
8. The day she was born was September 8, 1989.
二、 1-5 BDDBB6-10 DABDB
三、 1. from whom 2. for which3. with whom
4. on which5. with which 6. during which
四、1. which/that you lost yesterday
2. that I know / that I have ever known
3. that / which my father give me 4. that /which is grown in the north of China 5. who was standing nearby
五、1. He is the man (whom) I want to see.
2. I have some classmates whose parents are working in Shanghai.
3. The director who /whom /that we like most is Spieberg.
4. The building (that/ which) we built 20 years ago can’t be used now.
5. Who is the man with whom you just shook hands?