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为新疆盐碱滴灌棉田实现“节水、压盐、稳产、增产”的目标,利用新疆玛纳斯县田间试验、农户土地利用调研和文献等数据,采用系统分析的方法,从自然、生态环境和社会经济等方面探究盐碱地膜下滴灌棉田可持续利用的可行方案。研究结果:1)短期膜下滴灌条件下,微咸水和淡水都使土壤根系层(0~30cm)处于脱盐状态,保证棉花生长的环境;且4个处理压盐效果从大到小依次为大水量淡水(N5000)、小水量淡水(N4500)、大水量微咸水(X5000)、小水量微咸水(X4500)。2)淡水处理在棉花絮期的株高、干物质总重和叶片数均高于微咸水处理;但是测定的棉花产量从高到低依次为N5000、X5000、N4500、X4500,因此,虽然微咸水一定程度上影响棉花的生长(株高、干物质总重和叶片数),但是大水量微咸水(X5000)灌溉对棉花产量影响不明显,仅比大水量淡水灌溉(N5000)减产92kg/hm2,减少1.45%。3)新疆膜下滴灌棉田地膜残留带来的生态环境问题主要包括影响土壤水分渗透、土壤含水量、孔隙度和容重等理化性质,抑制棉花生长发育和降低产量等;解决措施主要包括加强残膜回收机研发与应用、提高地膜厚度和质量、提前揭膜等改进农艺技术、秸秆还田及开发可降解膜等新技术。4)社会经济可持续性包括:构建长期稳定的土地流转机制;创新农户、农场经营管理方式;开展群众自主式土地整治,促进耕地集中连片,扩大农户土地经营规模;积极发展农村金融等小额贷款,确保土地投入;推广“一膜三带六行”种植模式(2.05m宽的地膜)和“矮、密、早”栽培技术;推广秸秆还田、秋早犁春早耙播耕作技术;完善劳务市场、培育新型职业农民。
In order to achieve the goal of “water saving, pressure salt, stable yield and increase yield” in Xinjiang saline-alkali drip irrigation cotton field, the author used the method of systematic analysis and field survey in Manas County, Xinjiang, Ecological environment and socio-economic aspects of saline-alkali film drip irrigation cotton fields feasible program of sustainable use. The results were as follows: 1) Under the conditions of short-term drip irrigation, brackish water and freshwater all made the soil root layer (0 ~ 30cm) desalinized, thus ensuring the cotton growing environment; Large quantities of freshwater (N5000), small quantities of freshwater (N4500), large volumes of brackish water (X5000), Small volumes of brackish water (X4500). 2) Fresh water treatment had higher plant height, total dry matter weight and number of leaves than that of brackish water during the cottonseed period; however, the cotton yield was N5000, X5000, N4500 and X4500 in descending order, Saline water affected cotton growth to some extent (plant height, total dry matter weight and number of leaves), but irrigation with large amount of brackish water (X5000) had no obvious effect on cotton yield, only 92 kg less than that of fresh water irrigation (N5000) / hm2, a decrease of 1.45%. 3) Ecological environment problems caused by film mulching of cotton under drip irrigation in Xinjiang mainly include physical and chemical properties such as soil water infiltration, soil water content, porosity and bulk density, inhibition of cotton growth and development, and reduction of yield. Solutions include strengthening residual membrane Recycling machine research and development and application, improve the thickness and quality of the film, such as premature filming and other improved agronomic technology, straw and to develop new technologies such as biodegradable film. 4) Socio-economic sustainability includes: building a long-term and stable mechanism for land transfer; innovating management methods for peasant households and farms; launching mass self-owned land remediation; accelerating the integration of cultivated land and expanding the scale of peasant land management; and actively developing rural finance The amount of loans to ensure that land inputs; promotion of “a film with three strips and six lines” planting mode (2.05m wide film) and “short, dense, early” cultivation techniques; Harrow planting farming techniques; improve the labor market, cultivate a new type of professional farmers.