两次鸦片战争,彻底颠覆了清廷传统的宗藩外交,其外交文书也从“谕/禀”范式转换为“照会”范式,伴随而至的是称谓、措辞及话语模式围绕平等理念的全面刷新。这种转型,折射出古代宗藩观念向近代国家观念转变的初阶,也可看出晚清外交文书现代化转型中的殖民化色彩。 The two Opium Wars completely overturned the traditional imperialism and patriarchal diplomacy of the Qing court. Its diplomatic instruments were also transformed from the paradigm of “encyclical ” to “the paradigm of ”, accompanied by appellation, wording and discourse patterns The full concept of equality refresh. This transformation reflects the initial order of the concept of the ancient feudal and vassal state to the concept of the modern nation and can also see the colonialization of the diplomatic document during the modernization of the late Qing dynasty.