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为了解浙江省农村卫生厕所的无害化处理效果,为提高农村改厕技术和管理决策提供科学依据,于2011—2012年对浙江省参加卫生部重大公共卫生服务项目农村改厕项目2年以上的30个县310户农村户厕化粪池进口和出口的粪液进行检测和评价。结果显示,符合粪便无害化卫生标准的厕所占73.49%(183/249)。化粪池出口处的苍蝇密度合格率为91.35%(264/289),蛆密度合格率为97.54%(278/285);310户的粪液中均未检出血吸虫卵;寄生虫卵有效监测250户,仅6户检出寄生虫卵,其中2户的沉降率大于95%。化粪池进口粪液中粪大肠菌的合格率为61.07%(182/298),低于出口粪液[83.23%(258/310)],差异有统计学意义(χ2=37.286,P<0.05)。除硝酸盐氮(90.32%)和亚硝酸盐氮(87.42%)外,出口粪液中氨氮、总磷、化学需氧量和五日生化需氧量的合格率均≤40.00%。提示本次监测的卫生厕所对于无害化卫生指标的处理效果明显,但对污染物指标的处理效果还不十分理想。
In order to understand the harmless treatment effect of rural sanitary latrines in Zhejiang Province and provide scientific basis for improving rural lavatories technology and management decision-making, from 2011 to 2012, Zhejiang Province participated in more than two years of rural lavatories project of major public health service project of Ministry of Public Health Of 30 counties in 310 rural households toilet septic tank import and export of manure for testing and evaluation. The results showed that 73.49% (183/249) of the toilets complying with the sanitary standards of excreta were accounted for. The passing rate of flies at the exit of septic tank was 91.35% (264/289), and the pass rate of maggot density was 97.54% (278/285). No schistosome eggs were detected in the manure of 310 households. 250 households, only 6 were detected parasite eggs, of which 2 households settlement rate greater than 95%. The passing rate of fecal coliform bacteria in the septic tank was 61.07% (182/298), which was lower than that of the excrement [83.23% (258/310)], the difference was statistically significant (χ2 = 37.286, P <0.05 ). Except for nitrate nitrogen (90.32%) and nitrite nitrogen (87.42%), ammonia nitrogen, total phosphorus, chemical oxygen demand and five-day biochemical oxygen demand in export manure were all less than or equal to 40.00%. It is suggested that the monitoring sanitary lavatories have a clear effect on the treatment of detoxification and hygienic indicators, but the treatment of pollutant indicators is not very satisfactory.