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一、阅读下列各小题,根据括号内的汉语提示,用句末括号内的英语单词完成句子。
1. They sat together around the table, with _________ (门关着).(shut)
2. I haven’t the slightest idea_________ (他正在说什么). (talk)
3. The fact_________(他失败了数次) makes him very upset. (he, fail)
4. Last night, John was answering the letters that_________ (寄给他的) during the past two weeks. (arrive)
5. He believes that children _________(应允许……学习) at their own pace.(allow)
6. She has an excellent _________ (对名字的记忆力), which helps her quite a lot in her work.
( memory )
7. _________(他是否出过国) doesn’t make much difference. (he, abroad)
8. The factory’s output of cars this year is_________(大约是去年的三倍). (as, great)
9. Not only_________(要帮助) the disabled to find jobs, but also medical treatment will be provided for those who need it. (give)
10. It is possible that the King of Stonehenge was linked to the stones: he_________(可能参与) in planning the monument, or in helping transport and pull up the stones.(hand)
【参考答案】
1. the door shut
2. ( of ) what he’s talking about
3. that he has failed ( for ) several times
4. had arrived for him
5. should ( ought to/must ) be allowed to learn(study)
6. memory for names
7. Whether he has been abroad or not
8. about three times as great as that of last year
9. will help be given to
10. may (might/could) have had a hand
二、命题特征
题目的题干是由英语句子、汉语提示和英语单词三部分组成。其中,英语句子是主干,提供了一个独立的语境,对整个句子的结构、语义、时态、语态等进行了限制;汉语提示从具体的表达要求上提供了英语表达的结构、搭配等方面的提示和限制,而英语单词的暗示作用主要体现在词的搭配和结构上。因此,此题型重点在于测试学生的英语语言知识综合运用的能力。
三、汉英对比
毋庸置疑,平时语言基本功是关键。同时,所完成的内容在语义上必须与汉语提示相符合。换句话说,该题型涉及汉英两种语言语际的转换。由于历史、文化等方面的差异,汉语和英语存在许多差别。因此,平时应加强汉英两种语言的比较,找出异同,寻求“功能对等,意义相似”。汉英两种语言在语法语义上都可分成完全对应(Full Equivalence)、不完全对应( Partial Equivalence )和无对应( Semantic Zero )三种情形。汉英的完全对应在语义上的依据是所指的同一,在语法上的依据是句法功能的相同。遇到不完全对应和无对应的情况时,应进行变通。变通手段包括转换与转移。
英语语境已将句子成分限定,因此句子成分的转换较少,转换与转移主要有以下几种情形:
1. 词性转换
词性转换指汉语中的某一词类变成英语中的另一词类。如第7题,出国在汉语中是动词,英语的对应词abroad却是副词。
2. 肯定和否定的转换
汉语提示如果是肯定式时有时需要转为英语的否定式,反之亦然。如: 毫无疑问:beyond doubt; 我完全同意:I couldn’t agree more.
3. 语态转换
由于历史、文化语用及惯用法等因素的影响,汉语中的被动句处于显著的弱势,主动句相对较多。转为英语时,有时需要变换语态。如第5题:允许:be allowed,第9题:帮助:help be given to。
4. 时态转换
汉语时间概念一般较模糊,以时态助词(着,了,过)以及时间副词来表示时态。转为英语时需根据上下文选用适当的时态。如:失败了:have failed;出过国:have been abroad。
5. 语气转换
汉语是一种“意会”语言,不注重形态。汉语中没有虚拟语气, 语气在汉语中是隐含的。汉语变成英语时,要通过词语形式加以表述。例如:
我真希望能记得妈妈的更多情况。
I wish I could remember more about my mum.
要是她跟我在一起,我们都没病该多好。
I wish that she were here with me and that we weren’t sick.
6. 情态转换
汉语中的副词"可能"和"或许"与英语中的情态动词类似, 但两者存在差别。情态动词往往一词多义, 其意义可归纳为"推测性"和"非推测性"两类, 推测性用法和汉语中的副词有所不同, 如第10题: 可能参与:may/might/could have had a hand。
7. 语序转换
英语由于句法的需要采用倒装的情形相对较多,如:
我从没见过他心情这么好。
Never have I found him in such a good mood.
8. 转移
汉英两种语言的否定的位置有时存在区别,转换时需注意位置,如:
我原以为你不爱好体育。
I didn’t think you liked sports.
三、解题步骤
如上所述,题干是由英语句子、汉语提示和英语单词三部分组成。答题时必须分析,利用所学知识,综合分析,使所补充内容“结构正确,语境相符,语义相对”。解题可用三步完成:
1. 确定所填内容的功能(成分)。理解语境(英语句子)和汉语提示,分析所填部分的功能。
2. 确定搭配。尽管题干提供了单词,但有些词可直接使用,有些却要使用与之有关的短语,如talk about, arrive for, give help to, have a hand等。因此必须综合汉语提示和提供的单词确定所需的短语和单词。
3. 确定时态、语态、语气。
如第7题,阅读英语句子和汉语提示后可以知道整个句子缺少主语,且汉语提示里有主语“他”和谓语“出国”,因此所缺成分应为主语从句;其次,确定引导主语从句词是“whether... or not”,出国的英语对应语是“be abroad”; 由“过”和“doesn’t” 判断用现在完成时和被动语态。
巩固练习
1. The government gave the order that all the buildings_________(拆毁) in three weeks. (pull)
2. You must _________(记住) that their customs are very different to ours. (mind)
3. Students_________ (必须有机会使用) the computer system.(access)
4. I’m trying_________ (取得联系) Jane. Do you have her number? (touch)
5. I_________(一直盼望 ) your reply for a whole year. (forward)
6. The job _________(结果难) than we thought. (turn)
7._________ (我们如何处理) the problem is undecided. (do)
8. You are right; I_________ (理应考虑) that. (think)
9. Peter_________(订婚) her when traveling last winter.(engage)
10. The Dutch language _________ (密切相关) German. (close, relate)
参考答案:
1. ( should ) be pulled down
2. keep/bear in mind
3. must have access to
4. to get in touch with
5. have been looking forward to
6. turned out to be harder
7. What we should do with
8. should have thought of
9. got engaged to
10. is closely related to
[作者单位:湖北省仙桃市汉江中学]
责任编辑:王 伟
1. They sat together around the table, with _________ (门关着).(shut)
2. I haven’t the slightest idea_________ (他正在说什么). (talk)
3. The fact_________(他失败了数次) makes him very upset. (he, fail)
4. Last night, John was answering the letters that_________ (寄给他的) during the past two weeks. (arrive)
5. He believes that children _________(应允许……学习) at their own pace.(allow)
6. She has an excellent _________ (对名字的记忆力), which helps her quite a lot in her work.
( memory )
7. _________(他是否出过国) doesn’t make much difference. (he, abroad)
8. The factory’s output of cars this year is_________(大约是去年的三倍). (as, great)
9. Not only_________(要帮助) the disabled to find jobs, but also medical treatment will be provided for those who need it. (give)
10. It is possible that the King of Stonehenge was linked to the stones: he_________(可能参与) in planning the monument, or in helping transport and pull up the stones.(hand)
【参考答案】
1. the door shut
2. ( of ) what he’s talking about
3. that he has failed ( for ) several times
4. had arrived for him
5. should ( ought to/must ) be allowed to learn(study)
6. memory for names
7. Whether he has been abroad or not
8. about three times as great as that of last year
9. will help be given to
10. may (might/could) have had a hand
二、命题特征
题目的题干是由英语句子、汉语提示和英语单词三部分组成。其中,英语句子是主干,提供了一个独立的语境,对整个句子的结构、语义、时态、语态等进行了限制;汉语提示从具体的表达要求上提供了英语表达的结构、搭配等方面的提示和限制,而英语单词的暗示作用主要体现在词的搭配和结构上。因此,此题型重点在于测试学生的英语语言知识综合运用的能力。
三、汉英对比
毋庸置疑,平时语言基本功是关键。同时,所完成的内容在语义上必须与汉语提示相符合。换句话说,该题型涉及汉英两种语言语际的转换。由于历史、文化等方面的差异,汉语和英语存在许多差别。因此,平时应加强汉英两种语言的比较,找出异同,寻求“功能对等,意义相似”。汉英两种语言在语法语义上都可分成完全对应(Full Equivalence)、不完全对应( Partial Equivalence )和无对应( Semantic Zero )三种情形。汉英的完全对应在语义上的依据是所指的同一,在语法上的依据是句法功能的相同。遇到不完全对应和无对应的情况时,应进行变通。变通手段包括转换与转移。
英语语境已将句子成分限定,因此句子成分的转换较少,转换与转移主要有以下几种情形:
1. 词性转换
词性转换指汉语中的某一词类变成英语中的另一词类。如第7题,出国在汉语中是动词,英语的对应词abroad却是副词。
2. 肯定和否定的转换
汉语提示如果是肯定式时有时需要转为英语的否定式,反之亦然。如: 毫无疑问:beyond doubt; 我完全同意:I couldn’t agree more.
3. 语态转换
由于历史、文化语用及惯用法等因素的影响,汉语中的被动句处于显著的弱势,主动句相对较多。转为英语时,有时需要变换语态。如第5题:允许:be allowed,第9题:帮助:help be given to。
4. 时态转换
汉语时间概念一般较模糊,以时态助词(着,了,过)以及时间副词来表示时态。转为英语时需根据上下文选用适当的时态。如:失败了:have failed;出过国:have been abroad。
5. 语气转换
汉语是一种“意会”语言,不注重形态。汉语中没有虚拟语气, 语气在汉语中是隐含的。汉语变成英语时,要通过词语形式加以表述。例如:
我真希望能记得妈妈的更多情况。
I wish I could remember more about my mum.
要是她跟我在一起,我们都没病该多好。
I wish that she were here with me and that we weren’t sick.
6. 情态转换
汉语中的副词"可能"和"或许"与英语中的情态动词类似, 但两者存在差别。情态动词往往一词多义, 其意义可归纳为"推测性"和"非推测性"两类, 推测性用法和汉语中的副词有所不同, 如第10题: 可能参与:may/might/could have had a hand。
7. 语序转换
英语由于句法的需要采用倒装的情形相对较多,如:
我从没见过他心情这么好。
Never have I found him in such a good mood.
8. 转移
汉英两种语言的否定的位置有时存在区别,转换时需注意位置,如:
我原以为你不爱好体育。
I didn’t think you liked sports.
三、解题步骤
如上所述,题干是由英语句子、汉语提示和英语单词三部分组成。答题时必须分析,利用所学知识,综合分析,使所补充内容“结构正确,语境相符,语义相对”。解题可用三步完成:
1. 确定所填内容的功能(成分)。理解语境(英语句子)和汉语提示,分析所填部分的功能。
2. 确定搭配。尽管题干提供了单词,但有些词可直接使用,有些却要使用与之有关的短语,如talk about, arrive for, give help to, have a hand等。因此必须综合汉语提示和提供的单词确定所需的短语和单词。
3. 确定时态、语态、语气。
如第7题,阅读英语句子和汉语提示后可以知道整个句子缺少主语,且汉语提示里有主语“他”和谓语“出国”,因此所缺成分应为主语从句;其次,确定引导主语从句词是“whether... or not”,出国的英语对应语是“be abroad”; 由“过”和“doesn’t” 判断用现在完成时和被动语态。
巩固练习
1. The government gave the order that all the buildings_________(拆毁) in three weeks. (pull)
2. You must _________(记住) that their customs are very different to ours. (mind)
3. Students_________ (必须有机会使用) the computer system.(access)
4. I’m trying_________ (取得联系) Jane. Do you have her number? (touch)
5. I_________(一直盼望 ) your reply for a whole year. (forward)
6. The job _________(结果难) than we thought. (turn)
7._________ (我们如何处理) the problem is undecided. (do)
8. You are right; I_________ (理应考虑) that. (think)
9. Peter_________(订婚) her when traveling last winter.(engage)
10. The Dutch language _________ (密切相关) German. (close, relate)
参考答案:
1. ( should ) be pulled down
2. keep/bear in mind
3. must have access to
4. to get in touch with
5. have been looking forward to
6. turned out to be harder
7. What we should do with
8. should have thought of
9. got engaged to
10. is closely related to
[作者单位:湖北省仙桃市汉江中学]
责任编辑:王 伟