Recent studies suggest that cell cycle pathways may contain therapeutic targets important for neurotrauma.An example of this is the finding that the vertebrate cell cycle exploits proteolysis pathways,yet these activities persist in fully differentiated cells that have exited the cell cycle such as neurons.We have known for some time that a ubiquitin ligase,the anaphase promoting complex (APC/C) required for progression through the M and G1 phases of the cell cycle,is also active in fully differentiated neurons that are no longer dividing (Penas et al.,2011).