AIM: To compare the clinicopathological features of patients with non-schistosomal rectosigmoid cancer and schistosomal rectosigmoid cancer.METHODS: All the patients with rectosigmoid carcinoma who underwent laparoscopic radical surgical resection in the Shanghai Minimally Invasive Surgical Center at Ruijin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai JiaoTong University between October 2009 and October2013 were included in this study. Twenty-six cases of colonic schistosomiasis diagnosed through colonoscopy and pathological examinations were collected. Symptoms,endoscopic findings and clinicopathological characteristics were evaluated retrospectively.RESULTS: There were no significant differences between patients with and without schistosomiasis in gender, age, CEA, CA19-9, preoperative biopsy findings or postoperative pathology. Patients with rectosigmoid schistosomiasis had a significantly higher CA-125 level and a larger proportion of these patients were at an early tumor stage(P = 0.003). Various morphological characteristics of schistosomiasis combined with rectosigmoid cancer could be found by colonoscopic examination: 46% were fungating mass polyps, 23%were congestive and ulcerative polyps, 23% were cauliflower-like masses, 8% were annular masses.Only 27% of the patients were diagnosed with rectal carcinoma preoperatively after the biopsy. Computed tomography(CT) scans showed thickened intestinal walls combined with linear and tram-track calcifications in 26 patients.CONCLUSION: Rectosigmoid carcinoma combined with schistosomiasis is associated with higher CA-125 values and early tumor stages. CA-125 and CT scans have a reasonable sensitivity for the accurate diagnosis. AIM: To compare the clinicopathological features of patients with non-schistosomal rectosigmoid cancer and schistosomal rectosigmoid cancer. METHODS: All the patients with rectosigmoid carcinoma who underwent laparoscopic radical surgical resection in the Shanghai Minimally Invasive Surgical Center at Ruijin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai JiaoTong University between October 2009 and October2013 were included in this study. Twenty-six cases of colonic schistosomiasis diagnosed through colonoscopy and pathological examinations were collected. Symptoms, endoscopic findings and clinicopathological characteristics were evaluated retrospectively .RESULTS: There were no significant differences between patients with and without schistosomiasis in gender, age, CEA, CA 19-9, preoperative biopsy findings or postoperative pathology. Patients with rectosigmoid schistosomiasis had a significantly higher CA-125 level and a greater proportion of these patients were at an early tumor stage (P = 0.003). Vari ous morphological characteristics of schistosomiasis combined with rectosigmoid cancer could be found by colonoscopic examination: 46% were fungating mass polyps, 23% were congestive and ulcerative polyps, 23% were cauliflower-like masses, 8% were annular masses. Only 27% of the patients were diagnosed with rectal carcinoma preoperatively after the biopsy. Computed tomography (CT) scans showed thickened intestinal walls combined with linear and tram-track calcifications in 26 patients. CONCLUSION: Rectosigmoid carcinoma combined with schistosomiasis is associated with higher CA-125 values ​​and early tumor stages. CA-125 and CT scans have a reasonable sensitivity for the accurate diagnosis.