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水足迹是消费者或生产者直接或间接使用水资源量的衡量指标,并被广泛应用于全球或区域虚拟水贸易分析研究。本文从全球、国家或地区等不同空间尺度对农产品水足迹评价研究进行了比较全面的综述。近十几年来,农产品水足迹研究从2008年以前的全球农产品贸易虚拟水量分析评价为主,转向2009年以后国家或地区空间尺度的农产品形成过程中所消耗的直接和间接水量的详细核算研究为核心。水足迹评价具有明显的空间分布特征,为了获取准确、全面客观的农产品生产水足迹信息,必须要考虑区域地理特征、土壤理化特性、气候变化、生产技术及污染物生态毒性等因素的影响。水资源管理决策制定时应综合考虑农产品绿水、蓝水和灰水足迹,因为农产品的蓝水足迹表征了社会淡水资源的直接消耗,对国际市场贸易决策制定具有重要意义,而农产品灰水足迹评价则更明确地反映了农业生产对环境的影响程度。实现全球或区域农业水资源保护与可持续利用,不仅要提高农业生产水资源利用效率,还应该调整农业生产结构、农产品虚拟水贸易的模式和方向,减少农产品流通过程和饮食消费的水资源浪费。
Water footprint is a measure of the amount of water used by consumers or producers, either directly or indirectly, and is widely used in global or regional virtual water trade analysis studies. This paper gives a comprehensive review on the evaluation of agricultural products water footprint from different spatial scales around the world, countries and regions. In the past ten years, the research on agricultural products water footprint has been mainly based on the analysis and evaluation of the global virtual volume of agricultural products trade before 2008, and the detailed accounting study on the direct and indirect water consumed during the formation of agricultural products at the national or regional scales after 2009 core. Water footprint assessment has obvious spatial distribution characteristics. In order to obtain accurate and comprehensive objective water footprint information of agricultural products, we must consider the influence of regional geography characteristics, soil physical and chemical characteristics, climate change, production technology and pollutant ecotoxicity. Water resources management decision-making should take into account the green water, blue water and gray water footprint of agricultural products, because the blue water footprint of agricultural products characterizes the direct consumption of freshwater resources in society and is of great significance to the international market trade decision-making, while the gray water footprint of agricultural products The assessment more clearly reflects the degree of environmental impact of agricultural production. To achieve global or regional protection and sustainable use of agricultural water resources, we must not only improve the efficiency of water use in agricultural production, but also adjust the agricultural production structure and the mode and direction of virtual water trade in agricultural products, and reduce waste of water resources in the process of agricultural product circulation and consumption .