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非酒精性脂肪性肝病（NAFLD）影响着世界近1/4的人口。NAFLD病因复杂，个体异质性显著，因此，对于该术语的使用一直存在争议。近期，国际脂肪肝专家小组就NAFLD正式更名为代谢相关脂肪性肝病（MAFLD）达成共识，并制订了新的定义和诊断标准。既往MAFLD以内科治疗为主，外科医师对其关注度不够，但随着MAFLD发病率不断增加，在缺乏有效治疗药物的情况下，进一步认识MAFLD的外科干预手段，具有重要临床意义。笔者深度剖析国内外相关研究，探讨MAFLD的流行病学特征、发病机制、诊断标准和治疗策略，旨在加强外科医师对MAFLD的全新认识。“,”Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease （NAFLD） affects nearly a quarter of the world's population. The use of NAFLD term has always been controversial due to the complex etiology and significant individual heterogeneity. Recently， the international experts reach a consensus on the official renaming of NAFLD as metabolic associated fatty liver disease （MAFLD）， and establish a new definition and diagnostic criteria. The surgeons paid little attention to MAFLD previously since medical treatment was the primary treatment. Surgical treatment is an important choice for MAFLD due to the rising incidence and the lack of effective treatment drugs. In order to strengthen the understanding of surgeons for MAFLD， the authors discuss the prevalent characteristics， pathogenesis， diagnostic criteria and treatment strategies of MAFLD based on domestic and foreign literatures.