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铁缺乏(iron deficiency,ID)和缺铁性贫血(iron deficiency anemia,IDA)是全球一种常见的单一营养缺乏症,尤其多见于孕妇及婴幼儿。早期缺铁通过影响大脑神经代谢、神经递质及髓鞘化而影响儿童的神经认知功能和行为,包括以工作记忆、抑制性控制、认知灵活度为主要成分的执行功能的发展。执行功能是高级认知功能,其发展在儿童出生后1~2年时达高峰,可能存在着铁依赖的发育关键期。了解儿童执行功能的发展,并弄清其铁依赖的发育关键期,对制定早期预防铁缺乏的公共卫生策略具有重要的意义。
Iron deficiency (ID) and iron deficiency anemia (IDA) are a common form of single-nutrient deficiency in the world, especially in pregnant women and infants. Early iron deficiency affects neurocognitive function and behavior in children through affecting neuronal metabolism, neurotransmitters, and myelination, including the development of executive functions with working memory, inhibitory control, and cognitive flexibility as the major components. Executive function is a high-level cognitive function whose development peaked at 1 to 2 years after birth and there may be a critical period of development of iron dependence. Understanding the development of children’s executive function and understanding the critical period in which they depend on iron dependence is of great importance for the development of public health strategies to prevent iron deficiency early.