美国康涅狄格大学政治科学系主任、教授霍华德L·瑞特在2004年5月的SAGE出版物《政党政治》上发表了题为《美国各政党内部派系的持续性》的文章。该文章通过调查美国各主要政党关于总统任命竞争的数据,说明派系的持续性程度取决于外在因素,并且从中推断出一套发展的理论。这些 Howard L. Reiter, professor and director of the Department of Political Science at the University of Connecticut, published an article entitled “Persistence in the factions within the United States political parties” in the May 2004 SAGE publication Political Party Politics. The article investigates the data on the presidential competition in the United States by the major political parties in the United States. It shows that the persistence of the faction depends on external factors and deduces a set of theories on development. These ones