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效率与公平之辩所谓收入分配制度,可以从两个层面上来解析。第一,社会成员提供一定数量的生产要素,如人力资源、土地、房产或货币等资本资产,要素使用者根据要素雇佣量与要素价格向要素提供者给付要素收入,这就是收入的初次分配。第二,政府凭借权力依税制从社会成员的所得中获取其部分收入,然后通过转移支付在社会成员间重新分配财富增量,这就是收入的再分配。初次分配通过要素市场上各市场参与主体的竞争来完成,因此它侧重于资源配置的效率,同时兼顾公平;再分配完成于市场之外,侧重于公平,同时避免效率的损失。
The debate between efficiency and fairness The so-called income distribution system can be analyzed from two aspects. First, members of the society provide a certain amount of production factors such as capital assets such as human resources, land, real estate or currency. The factor users pay the factor income to factor suppliers according to factor employment and factor prices, which is the initial distribution of income. Second, by redistributing income, the government, by virtue of its power, earns some of its income from the income of members of society according to the tax system and then redistributes the wealth increment among members of society through transfer payments. Primary distribution is accomplished through competition among players participating in the market in the factor market, so it focuses on the efficiency of resource allocation while taking into account fairness; redistribution completes beyond the market, focusing on fairness while avoiding loss of efficiency.