论文部分内容阅读
Sect. Anthriscifolium W. T. Wang in Acta Bot. Sin. 10 (3): 277. 1962; et in Fl. Reip. Pop. Sin. 27: 460. 1979; Tamura in Sei. Rep. Osaka Univ. 15: 33. 1996; et in Hiepko, Nat. Pflanzenfam., Zwei. Aufl. 17alV: 306. 1995; Malyutin in Bot. Zhurn.72: 691. 1987; W. T. Wang & M. J. Warnock in Fl. China 6: 273. 2001.—Subgen. Anthriscilolium (W. T. Wang) W. Wang in Taxon 66 (3): 562. 2017. Type: Delphinium anthriscifolium Hance.
二年生或一年生草本植物。叶为羽状复叶;羽片具短柄,羽状深裂至全裂。萼片与距近等长,或比距稍短。花瓣上部扇状增宽。退化雄蕊瓣片2微裂至2深裂。种子球形,下部有同心条形横膜质翅,上部有螺旋状排列的条形膜质翅。
1种,广布于中国中条山和秦岭以南大陆各省(区),以及越南北部。
231. 还亮草 (《植物名实图考》) 图版91
Delphinium anthriscifolium Hance in J. Bot. 6: 207. 1868; S. Moore in J. Bot. 16: 137. 1878; Franch in Bull. Soc. Linn. Paris 1: 329. 1882; Forbes & Hemsl. in J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 23: 19. 1886; Franch. in Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, ser. 8, 5: 160. 1893; Huth in Bot. Jahrb. 20: 422. 1895; Finet & Gagnep. in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 51: 471. 1904; Manual Sperm.Pl. S. Jiangsu 275, fig. 433. 1951; W. T. Wang in Acta Bot. Sin. 10 (3): 277. 1962; Munz in J. Arn. Arb. 48 (4): 260. 1967; Iconogr. Corm. Sin. 1: 709, fig. 1417. 1972; W. T. Wang in Fl. Reip. Pop. Sin. 27: 460, pl. 107: 1-6. 1979; B. Z. Ding et al. Fl. Henan 1: 432. 1981; Fl. Jiangsu 2: 182, fig. 1014. 1982; S. R. Lin & X. Z. Zhao in Fl. Fujian. 2: 12, fig. 9. 1985; X. W. Wang in Fl. Anhui. 2: 305, fig. 604. 1987; W. T. Wang in Fl. Guangxi 1: 270. 1991; Z. H. Lin in Fl. Zhejiang 2: 261, fig. 2-346. 1992; X. Y. Yu et al. in Fl. Shanxi. 1: 586, pl. 370. 1992; W. T. Wang in Acta Phytotax. Sin. 31 (3): 210. 1993; K. M. Liu, Fl. Hunan 2: 633, fig. 2-488. 2000; Z. Wang & W. T. Wang in High. Pl. China 3: 448, fig. 714-1-6. 2000; W. T. Wang in Fl. Yunnan. 11: 146. 2000; et in Fl. Jiangxi 2: 152, fig.152. 2001; R. J. Wang in Fl. Guangdong 5: 4.2003; W. T. Wang & M. J. Warnock in Fl. China 6: 273. 2001. Holotype 廣东: Kai-Kun-Shek, 1867-06, collected by T. Sampson, Hance no. 10125 (K; photo, PE)。
D. calleryi Franch. in Bull. Soc. Linn. Paris 1: 329. 1882; et in Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, ser. 8, 5: 161. 1893; Huth in Bot. Jahrb. 20: 423. 1895. — D. anthriscifolium var. calleryi (Franch.) Finet & Gagnep, in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 51: 471. 1904; Munz in J. Arn. Arb. 48 (4): 260. 1987, excl. syn. Syntype 澳门: J. M. Callery 6 (photo, PE)。
D. cavaleriense Levl. & Vaniot in Bull. Acad. Intern. Geogr. Bot. 11: 49. 1902; Finet & Gagnep, in l. c. 472. Holotype 贵州: Pin-fa du Lofou, J. P. Cavalerie 2344 (E,not seen)。 D. cerefolium Levl. & Vaniot in l. c. Holotype 贵州: Mont du college, 1898-06-02, Chaffanjon s. n. (E, not seen)。
D. anthriscifolium var. latilobulatum W. T. Wang in Acta Phytotax. Sin. 10 (3): 279. 1962. Holotype 湖南: 雪峰山,1954,李泽常2371(PE)。
231a. var. anthriscifolium
草本高(12~)30~78 cm。茎无毛或上部疏被反曲短柔毛,分枝,等距生叶。叶为2~3回羽状复叶,间或为三出复叶,有较长或短柄,最下部茎生叶在花期枯萎; 叶片菱状卵形或三角状卵形,5~11 × 4.5~8 cm,羽片2~4对,对生,稀互生,下部羽片有柄,长渐尖,深裂达中脉, 末回裂片狭卵形或披针形,通常宽2~4 mm,有疏齿,上面疏被短毛,下面近无毛;叶柄长2.5~6 cm。总状花序有2~15花;轴和花梗被反曲短柔毛;花梗长0.4~1.2 cm,中部有2近丝形小苞片。萼片蓝色或紫色,椭圆形或长圆形,长6~9(~11)mm,外面有疏毛,距钻形,长5~9(~15)mm。花瓣无毛,上部增宽。退化雄蕊瓣片蓝或紫色,斧形,2深裂近基部。雄蕊无毛。心皮3,子房疏被短柔毛或近无毛。蓇葖长1.1~1.6 cm。种子扁球形,直径2~2.5 mm,上部有螺旋状生长的横膜翅,下部有5条同心的横膜翅。3月—5月开花。
分布于广东、广西、云南东南部、贵州、四川、重庆、湖南、江西、福建、浙江、江苏、安徽、湖北、甘肃、陕西南部、河南、山西南部。生于丘陵或低山的山坡草丛或溪边,海拔200~1 200 m。
可供药用,全草用于湿痹痛、中风、食积腹胀等症;外用可用于痛疮癣癞,肿毒癞痢。有毒(《中国药用植物志》, 2016)。
P. A. Munz (1967—1968)在他关于亚洲翠雀花属植物论文最后介绍了他在研究飞燕草属\[Consolida (DC.) S. F. Gray\]和翠雀花属二属植物的过程中看到的3个种花无距的现象,这3种是(1)凸脉飞燕草\[Consolida rugulosa (Boiss.) Schrd.\] (分布于中亚,向东达我国新疆西部);(2)Delphinium macrocentron Oliver(分布于非洲);(3)分布于我国的还亮草(Delphinium anthriscifolium Hance),他看到的是H. B. Morse采自湖北和广西龙州的两号标本(均存NY),二号标本的花均无距。Munz认为上述植物由于发生了突变(mutation),因而导致了具无距花的畸形植物的形成。1981,王遂义等二学者根据在河南南部采到的花无距的标本描述了,“无距还亮草(Delphinium ecalcaratum S. Y. Wang & Z. K. Zhao”)\[见《河南植物志》(Flora of Henan)1: 432, fig. 546. 1981\],此植物是在河南发现的还亮草的第三个花无距畸形植物。
标本登录 广西: 武鸣,广西队53-88;天峨,贵州队64;雁山,李光照13747;阳朔,单人骅740。云南:文山,税王民1703。贵州:安龙,贵州队4204;罗甸,黔南队342;Pin-fa, J. P. Cavalerie s. n.; Ouy-liu, H. J. Esquirol 359; 德江,罗毅波885。四川:青城山,邓其祥151;都江堰,杨亲二等2007-27;北川,姜恕7031。重庆:渝北,刘正宇183999;南川,陈心启2083;武隆,刘正宇182241;万州,植物所三峡队636;奉节,周洪富107546;巫山,植物所三陕队1314;城口,R. P. Farges 837,1441。湖南:新宁,罗仲春535;衡山,教育会博物馆 s.n.;衡东,俞德浚s. n.;长沙,钟观光184;壶瓶山,壶瓶山队17。江西:上犹,江西队72-1150;遂川,236组793;泰和,江西师院生物系20769;南丰,聂敏祥2130;奉新,刘守炉1071;武宁,谭策铭96-6005;庐山,熊跃国1101;南昌,熊杰3328;彭泽,覃海宁18698;婺源,李启和254。福建:南平,?624;建阳,?41。浙江:丽水,钟观光D45;遂昌,植物资源队26387;淳安,植物资源队27325;昌化,贺贤育23894;天目山,贺贤育20954;孝丰,贺贤育24294。江苏:南京,关克俭133。安徽:休宁,刘晓龙419;歙县,关克俭15123;宣城,刘森60055;桃岭,钟观光184;九华山,叶文才88-73;铜陵,刘晓龙571;金寨,王德群5584。湖北:建始,王江榮130;宜昌,郑重40;神农架,236-6队2407;鄂州,万光荣30。甘肃:文县,白水江队947,3250,D. E. Boufford等37444。陕西:洋县,Zhu, Chen, Xu & Wang 1065; 佛坪,孔宏智1014;太白山,傅坤俊2979;眉县,洪德元85-50;长安,周光华9350;山阳,张志英15805。河南:信阳,南方山区队D0021;罗山,植物资源队264;内乡,D. E. Boufford等26055;西峡,河南队484;嵩县,植物资源队L0027。山西:永济,刘天慰121。
231b. 卵瓣还亮草 (变种) 图版91: 9-12
var. savatieri (Franch.) Munz in J. Arn.Arb. 48 (4): 261.1967; W. T. Wang in Acta Phytotax. Sin. 31 (3): 210. 1993; et in Fl. Yunnan. 11: 148, fig. 44: 6-7. 2000; K. M. Li in Fl. Hunan 2: 633, fig. 2-489. 2000; W. T. Wang & M. J. Warnock in Fl. China 6: 273. 2001; R. J. Wang in Fl. Guangdong 5: 4. 2003. — D. savatieri Franch in Bull. Soc. Linn. Paris 1: 330. 1882; et in Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, ser. 8, 5: 162. 1893; Forbes & Hemsl. in J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 23: 19. 1886; Huth in Bot. Jahrb. 20: 423. 1895; Finet & Gagnep. in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 51: 471. 1904. Holotype 浙江: 绍兴,1863-05,Lud. Savatier s. n. (P; photo, PE)。 D. exiguum Pritz. ex Diels in Bot. Jahrb. 29: 327. 1900. Holotype 重庆: 南川,1891, A. V. Rosthorn 2022 (not seen)。
D. robertianum Lévl. & Vaniot in Bull. Acad. Intern. Geogr. Bot. 11: 49. 1902. Holotype 广东: Kong yang, 1897-09-12, E. M. Bodinier s. n. (E, not seen)。
D. minutum Lévl. & Vaniot in Bull. Herb. Boiss., ser. 2, 6: 505. 1906. Holotype 贵州: H. J. Esquirol 24 (E, not seen)。
D. kweichouense W. T. Wang in Acta Bot. Sin. 10 (3): 283. 1962. Holotype 贵州: 惠水,1930-07-18,蒋英8571 (PE)。
D. anthriscifolium var. calleryi auct. non (Franch.) Finet & Gagnep.: Gagnep. in Suppl. Fl. Gen. Indo-China 1: 15.1938; Lauener & Green in Not. Bot. Gard. Edinb. 23(4): 584. 1961; W. T. Wang in Acta Bot. Sin. 10 (3): 277. 1962; Fl. Tsinling. 1 (2): 269, fig. 230. 1974; S. H. Fu, Fl. Hupeh. 1: 339. 1976; W. T. Wang in Fl. Reip. Pop. Sin. 27: 460, pl. 107: 9-12. 1979; B. Z. Ding et al. Fl. Henan. 1: 433. 1981; Fl. Jiangsu 2: 182. 1982; Y. K. Li in Fl. Guizhou. 3: 22. 1986; X. W. Wang in Fl. Anhui 2: 306. 1987; W. T. Wang in Fl. Guangxi 1: 271. 1991; Z. H. Lin in Fl. Zhejiang 2: 262. 1992; W. T. Wang in Fl. Jiangxi 2: 153. 2004.
本变种退化雄蕊的瓣片卵形,顶端微凹或2微裂(稀不分裂或2裂达中部),而与模式变种不同。花的大小与模式变种相同。
分布于中国的云南东部、广西、广东、贵州、四川、重庆、湖北西部、江西、浙江、江苏南部、安徽南部、陕西、河南南部,以及越南北部。生于丘陵、低山山地的林边、灌丛中或草坡上,海拔30~1 550 m。
全草药用,用于便秘、痛疮肿毒、跌打损伤等症。全草含一些生物碱:还亮草碱(anthriscifolcine)、还亮草定(anthriscifoldine)、还亮草明(anthriscifolmine)、伞花翠雀碱(delconine)、囊距翠雀醇(delbrunine).
标本登录 云南: 广南,王启无87870;盐津,蔡希陶50809。广西:天峨,黄志43288(IBSC)。贵州:望谟,张志松,张永田1355,2120。四川:峨眉山,关克俭等644;都江堰,汪发瓒20450。重庆:北碚,俞德浚2854;重庆,方文培758;南川,熊济华,周子林90390;开县,?100368;巫山,王作宾10324。湖南:雪峰山,李泽棠1903。湖北:兴山,刘瑛54。江西:婺源,李启和53。江苏:南京,刘方勋911;苏州,H. T. Feng 112,左景烈802。安徽:铜陵,刘晓龙571。陕西:勉县,傅坤俊3568;平利,劉慎谔8432;周至,S.T.Wang 433; 太白山,王作宾6672;终南山,孔宪武2697;南五台山,刘慎谔67;长安,黄河队甘肃一队33。河南:信阳,关克俭371。N. Vietnam (越南北部): Boo-kan, Eberhardt 4670 (P)。
231c. 大花还亮草 (变种) 图版91: 7-8
var. majus Pamp. in Nuov. Giorn. Bot. Ital., n. s., 22: 288. 1915; W. T. Wang in Acta Bot. Sin. 10 (3): 279. 1962; et in Fl. Reip. Pop. Sin. 27: 462, pl. 107: 7-8. 1979; S. H. Fu. Fl. Hupeh. 1: 340, fig. 472. 1976; X. W. Wang in Fl. Anhui. 2: 306.1987; K. M. Liu, Fl. Hunan 2: 635, fig. 2-490. 2000; W. T. Wang & M. J. Warnock in Fl. China 6: 273. 2001. Holotype 湖北: 西部,Silvestri 3917 (not seen)。
本变种的花较大,长2.3~3.4 cm,萼距长17~24 mm,退化雄蕊瓣片卵形,顶端2微裂至2半裂,而与模式变种不同。
分布于贵州(剑河)、湖南西北、重庆、陕西南部、湖北西部、安徽西部。生于山坡或林边,海拔450~1 740 m。
可供药用,全草用于风湿痹痛,泄泻等症。全草含还亮草碱A(anthriscifolcine A)等生物碱(《中国药用植物志》,2016)。 標本登录 湖南: 沅陵,张桂方402。重庆:武隆,刘正宇182678;云阳,植物所三峡队980;巫山,周洪富109727;巫溪,杨光辉58211。陕西:平利,乔英林1194,于海30054;镇平,乔英林1270。湖北:宜昌,董佩萱60,赵常明0461;巴东,周鹤昌89,陈权龙等1930;兴山,李洪钧10;神农架,236-6队2335。安徽:金寨,?226。
231d. 不了解的一变种
Delphinium anthriseifolium Hance var. ramosum Pamp. in Nuov. Giorn. Bot. Ital., n. s., 22: 288. 1915. Syntypes 湖北: 西部,1912-02-3,Silvestri 3914, 3914a, 3915 (not seen)。
致谢 蒙中国科学院植物研究所资助科研活动经费(课题号110100PZ07);班勤和马欣堂两位先生提供标本,韩芳桥先生提供文献,杨志荣博士提供模式照片,孙英宝先生绘图和稿件录入等,作者谨表示衷心感谢。
参考文献:
BAILEY IH, 1949. Delphinium [M]. Manual of cultivated plants, rev. ed.: 397-399.
BAO MZ, 2011. Flower science [M]. Beijing: Chinese Agriculture Press. [包满珠, 2011. 花卉学 [M]. 北京: 中国农业出版社.]
BENTHAM G, HOOKER JD, 1862. Genera plantarum, Vol. 1. [M]. London.
CHEN FH, 1948. Contributons to the knowledge of the genus Delphinium of southwestern China [J]. Bull Fan Mem Inst Biol, n. Ser. 1: 163-183.
DE CANDOLLE AP, 1817. Regni vegetabilis systema natural. I.[M] Paris.
DIELS L, 1905. Beitrage zur Flora der Tsin Ling Shan undere Zustze zur Flora von Central-China [J]. Bot Jahrb, 36: Beibl, 82: 1-138.
DIELS L, 1912. New and imperfectly known species [J]. Not Bot Gard Edinb, 5: 101-308.
FINET EA, GAGNEPAIN F, 1904. Delphinium. Contriburions à la flore de I’Asie orientale d’après I’herbier du Muséum de Paris [J]. Bull Soc Bot France, 51: 461-537.
FINET EA, 1906. Espèces nouvelles de I’Asie orientale [J]. Bull Soc Bot France, 53: 125-127.
FRANCHET A, 1882.Sur quelques Delphinium de la Chine [J]. Bull Soc Linn Paris, 1: 329-330.
FRANCHET A, 1886. Plantae Yunnanenses a cl. J. M. Delavay collectas enumeravit novasque describit [J]. Bull Soc Bot France, 33: 358-467.
FRANCHET A, 1889. Plantae Delavayanae [M]. Paris.
FRANCHET A, 1893. Exposition synoptique et description Delphinium del la Chine [J]. Bull Soc Philom Paris, sèr. 8, 5: 157-187.
FRANCHET A, 1894. Plantes nouvelles de la Chine occidentale [J]. J de Bot, 8: 273-286.
HANCE HF, 1868. Description of a new Chinese Larkspur [J]. J Bot, 6: 207-208.
HANDEL-MAZZETTI H, 1922. Plantae novae sinenses, diagnosibus brevibus discriptae a Dre [J]. Heinr. Handel-Mazzetti. Anzeig. Akad. Wiss. Wien Math Naturw, Kl, 59: 293-256.
HANDEL-MAZZETTI H, 1931. Ranunculaceae [J]. Symbolae Sinicae 7. Wien.
HANDEL-MAZZETTI H, 1939. Plantae sinenses a Dre. H. Smith annis 1921-1922, 1924 et 1934 lectae 33. Ranunculaceae [J]. Acta Hortic Gotob, 13: 327-336. HEMSLEY WB, 1892. Observation on a botanical collection made by Mr. A. E. Pratt in western China, with descriptions of some new Chinese plants from various collections [J]. J Linn Soc Bot, 29: 298-322.
HOW FC, WANG WT, 1964. Ranunculaceae [M]//Flora Hainanica. Beijing: Science Press, 1: 304-309. [侯宽昭,王文采, 1964. 毛茛科 [M]//海南植物志. 北京:科学出版社, 1:304-309.]
HUANG TY, HUANG TC, 1996. Ranunculaceae [M]//Flora of Taiwan. 2nd ed. Taipei: Tah Jinw Printing Press, 2: 506-574.
HUTH E, 1893. Neue Arten der Gattung Delphinium [J]. Bull Herb Boiss, 1: 327-336.
HUTH E, 1895. Monographie der Gattung Delphinium [J]. Bot Jahrb, 20: 322-499.
JARVIS CF, BARRIE FR. ALLAN DM, REVEAL JL, 1993. A list of Linnean generic names and their types [J]. Regnum Veg, 127. Kmgstein.
KUAN KC, 1935. The species of the genus Delphinium in China [J]. J Bot Soc China, 1: 402-414. [關克俭, 1935. 中国产之飞燕草 [J]. 中国植物学杂志, 1:402-414.]
LEVEILLE H, 1906. Novitates sinenses [J]. Bull Herb Boiss., Ser. 2, 6: 504-506.
LEVEILLE H, 1909. Decades plantarum novarum 17-19 [J]. Repert Sp Nov, 7: 97-103.
LI SC, 1996. Wild flowers of China [M]. Tianjin: Tianjin Education Press. [黎盛臣,1996. 中国野生花卉 [M]. 天津: 天津教育出版社.]
LI XY, 2018. Taxonomy of ornamental plants [M]. Beijing: Science Press. [李先源, 2018. 观赏植物分类学 [M]. 北京:科学出版社.]
MALYUTIN NI, 1973. The phylogeny and taxonomy of the Delphinium genus [J]. Bot Zhurn, 58: 1710-1722.
MALYUTIN NI, 1987. The system of the genus Delphinium (Ranunculaceae) based on the morphological features of seeds [J]. Bot Zhurn, 72: 683-693.
MARQUAND CVB, 1929. The botanical collection made by Capt. F. Kingdon Ward in the eastern Himalaya and Tibet in 1924-1925 [J]. J Linn Soc Bot, 48: 149-229.
MAXIMOWICZ CJ, 1877. Diagnoses plantarum novarum Asiaticarum 1 [J]. Bull Acad Sci St Pètersb, 23: 305-391.
MAXIMOWICZ CJ, 1889. Flora Tangutica [J]. St. Petersb.
MUNZ PA, 1967-1968. A synopsis of the Asian species of Delphinium, sensu stricto [J]. J Arn Arb, 48: 249-302, 476-593(1967), 49: 73-259(1968).
NEVSKI SA, 1937. Delphinium [M]//KOMAROV VL(Ed.) Flora URSS Moskwa & Leningrad, 7: 99-183.
OSTENFELD CH, PAULSEN O, 1922. A list of flowering plants from inner Asia, collected by Dr. Sven Hedin [J]. In Sven Hedin, Southern Tibet 6: 25-100.
POWLOWSKI B, 1993. Delphinium [M]//Fl. Europea. 2nd ed. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 1: 257-260.
PRANTL K, 1888. Ranunculaceae [M]//ENGLER A, PRANTL K(eds.) Die naturlichen Pflanzenfamilien, 3(2): 43-66. Leipzig. RAU MA, 1993. Delphinium [M]//Flora of India. Calcutt: Botanical Survey of India, 1: 86-101.
SMITH WW, 1913. Diagnoses specierum novarum chinensium in herbario Horti Regii Botanici Edinburgensis cognotarum [J]. Not Bot Gard Edinb, 8: 105-136.
SPACH E, 1839. Histoire des naturelle vègetaux Phanèrogames 7 [M]. Paris.
TAMURA M, 1966. Morpholgy, ecology and phylogeny of the Ranunculaceae 6 [J]. Sci Rep Osaka Univ, 15: 13-35.
TAMURA M, 1995. Ranunculaceae: Systematic Part [M]//HIEPKO P. Nat. Pflanzenfam. Zwei. Aufl., 17aIV: 224-497. Berlin: Duncker & Humblot.
WANG WT, 1957. Notulae de Ranunculaceis sinensibus [J]. Acta Phytotax Sin, 6(4): 361-391. [王文采,1957. 中国毛茛科植物小志 [J]. 植物分类学报, 6(4): 361-391.]
WANG WT, 1962. A preliminary study of Chinese Delphinium [J]. Acta Bot Sci, 10(1): 59-89; (2): 138-165; (3): 264-284. [王文采,1962. 中国毛茛科翠雀属的初步研究 [J]. 植物学报, 10(1): 39-89; (2): 138-165; (3): 264-284.]
WANG WT, 1979. Delphinium [M] //Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae. Beijing: Sciense Press, 27: 326-462. [王文采, 1979. 翠雀屬 [M]//中国植物志. 北京:科学出版社, 27: 326-462.]
WANG WT, 1997. Notulae de Ranunculaceis sinensibus (21) [J]. Guihaia, 17(1): 1-15. [王文采,1997. 中国毛茛科植物小志(廿一) [J]. 广西植物, 17(1): 1-15.]
WANG WT, WARNOCK MJ, 2001. Delphinium [M]//WU ZY, RAVEN PH. Flora of China. Beijing: Science Press; St. Louis: Missouri Botanical Garden Press, 6: 223-274.
WARNOCK MJ, 1997.Delphinium [M]//MORIN NR, et al. Flora of North America. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 3: 196-240.
XIAO PG, 1980. A preliminary study of the correlation between phylogeny, chemical constituents and pharmaceutical aspects in the taxa of Chinese Ranunculaceae [J]. Acta Phytotax Sin, 18(2): 143-153. [肖培根, 1980. 中国毛茛科植物群的亲缘关系,化学成分和疗效间相关性的初步探索 [J]. 植物分类学报, 18(2): 143-153.]
XIE L, WANG ZT, CONG X, et al., 2016. Delphinium [M]//AI TM, WEI FN. Medicinal Flora of China. Beijing: Peking University Medical Press, 3: 167-205. [谢磊, 王峥涛, 从潇, 2016. 翠雀属 [M]//艾铁民, 韦发南. 中国药用植物志. 北京:北京大学医学出版社, 3: 167-205.]
二年生或一年生草本植物。叶为羽状复叶;羽片具短柄,羽状深裂至全裂。萼片与距近等长,或比距稍短。花瓣上部扇状增宽。退化雄蕊瓣片2微裂至2深裂。种子球形,下部有同心条形横膜质翅,上部有螺旋状排列的条形膜质翅。
1种,广布于中国中条山和秦岭以南大陆各省(区),以及越南北部。
231. 还亮草 (《植物名实图考》) 图版91
Delphinium anthriscifolium Hance in J. Bot. 6: 207. 1868; S. Moore in J. Bot. 16: 137. 1878; Franch in Bull. Soc. Linn. Paris 1: 329. 1882; Forbes & Hemsl. in J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 23: 19. 1886; Franch. in Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, ser. 8, 5: 160. 1893; Huth in Bot. Jahrb. 20: 422. 1895; Finet & Gagnep. in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 51: 471. 1904; Manual Sperm.Pl. S. Jiangsu 275, fig. 433. 1951; W. T. Wang in Acta Bot. Sin. 10 (3): 277. 1962; Munz in J. Arn. Arb. 48 (4): 260. 1967; Iconogr. Corm. Sin. 1: 709, fig. 1417. 1972; W. T. Wang in Fl. Reip. Pop. Sin. 27: 460, pl. 107: 1-6. 1979; B. Z. Ding et al. Fl. Henan 1: 432. 1981; Fl. Jiangsu 2: 182, fig. 1014. 1982; S. R. Lin & X. Z. Zhao in Fl. Fujian. 2: 12, fig. 9. 1985; X. W. Wang in Fl. Anhui. 2: 305, fig. 604. 1987; W. T. Wang in Fl. Guangxi 1: 270. 1991; Z. H. Lin in Fl. Zhejiang 2: 261, fig. 2-346. 1992; X. Y. Yu et al. in Fl. Shanxi. 1: 586, pl. 370. 1992; W. T. Wang in Acta Phytotax. Sin. 31 (3): 210. 1993; K. M. Liu, Fl. Hunan 2: 633, fig. 2-488. 2000; Z. Wang & W. T. Wang in High. Pl. China 3: 448, fig. 714-1-6. 2000; W. T. Wang in Fl. Yunnan. 11: 146. 2000; et in Fl. Jiangxi 2: 152, fig.152. 2001; R. J. Wang in Fl. Guangdong 5: 4.2003; W. T. Wang & M. J. Warnock in Fl. China 6: 273. 2001. Holotype 廣东: Kai-Kun-Shek, 1867-06, collected by T. Sampson, Hance no. 10125 (K; photo, PE)。
D. calleryi Franch. in Bull. Soc. Linn. Paris 1: 329. 1882; et in Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, ser. 8, 5: 161. 1893; Huth in Bot. Jahrb. 20: 423. 1895. — D. anthriscifolium var. calleryi (Franch.) Finet & Gagnep, in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 51: 471. 1904; Munz in J. Arn. Arb. 48 (4): 260. 1987, excl. syn. Syntype 澳门: J. M. Callery 6 (photo, PE)。
D. cavaleriense Levl. & Vaniot in Bull. Acad. Intern. Geogr. Bot. 11: 49. 1902; Finet & Gagnep, in l. c. 472. Holotype 贵州: Pin-fa du Lofou, J. P. Cavalerie 2344 (E,not seen)。 D. cerefolium Levl. & Vaniot in l. c. Holotype 贵州: Mont du college, 1898-06-02, Chaffanjon s. n. (E, not seen)。
D. anthriscifolium var. latilobulatum W. T. Wang in Acta Phytotax. Sin. 10 (3): 279. 1962. Holotype 湖南: 雪峰山,1954,李泽常2371(PE)。
231a. var. anthriscifolium
草本高(12~)30~78 cm。茎无毛或上部疏被反曲短柔毛,分枝,等距生叶。叶为2~3回羽状复叶,间或为三出复叶,有较长或短柄,最下部茎生叶在花期枯萎; 叶片菱状卵形或三角状卵形,5~11 × 4.5~8 cm,羽片2~4对,对生,稀互生,下部羽片有柄,长渐尖,深裂达中脉, 末回裂片狭卵形或披针形,通常宽2~4 mm,有疏齿,上面疏被短毛,下面近无毛;叶柄长2.5~6 cm。总状花序有2~15花;轴和花梗被反曲短柔毛;花梗长0.4~1.2 cm,中部有2近丝形小苞片。萼片蓝色或紫色,椭圆形或长圆形,长6~9(~11)mm,外面有疏毛,距钻形,长5~9(~15)mm。花瓣无毛,上部增宽。退化雄蕊瓣片蓝或紫色,斧形,2深裂近基部。雄蕊无毛。心皮3,子房疏被短柔毛或近无毛。蓇葖长1.1~1.6 cm。种子扁球形,直径2~2.5 mm,上部有螺旋状生长的横膜翅,下部有5条同心的横膜翅。3月—5月开花。
分布于广东、广西、云南东南部、贵州、四川、重庆、湖南、江西、福建、浙江、江苏、安徽、湖北、甘肃、陕西南部、河南、山西南部。生于丘陵或低山的山坡草丛或溪边,海拔200~1 200 m。
可供药用,全草用于湿痹痛、中风、食积腹胀等症;外用可用于痛疮癣癞,肿毒癞痢。有毒(《中国药用植物志》, 2016)。
P. A. Munz (1967—1968)在他关于亚洲翠雀花属植物论文最后介绍了他在研究飞燕草属\[Consolida (DC.) S. F. Gray\]和翠雀花属二属植物的过程中看到的3个种花无距的现象,这3种是(1)凸脉飞燕草\[Consolida rugulosa (Boiss.) Schrd.\] (分布于中亚,向东达我国新疆西部);(2)Delphinium macrocentron Oliver(分布于非洲);(3)分布于我国的还亮草(Delphinium anthriscifolium Hance),他看到的是H. B. Morse采自湖北和广西龙州的两号标本(均存NY),二号标本的花均无距。Munz认为上述植物由于发生了突变(mutation),因而导致了具无距花的畸形植物的形成。1981,王遂义等二学者根据在河南南部采到的花无距的标本描述了,“无距还亮草(Delphinium ecalcaratum S. Y. Wang & Z. K. Zhao”)\[见《河南植物志》(Flora of Henan)1: 432, fig. 546. 1981\],此植物是在河南发现的还亮草的第三个花无距畸形植物。
标本登录 广西: 武鸣,广西队53-88;天峨,贵州队64;雁山,李光照13747;阳朔,单人骅740。云南:文山,税王民1703。贵州:安龙,贵州队4204;罗甸,黔南队342;Pin-fa, J. P. Cavalerie s. n.; Ouy-liu, H. J. Esquirol 359; 德江,罗毅波885。四川:青城山,邓其祥151;都江堰,杨亲二等2007-27;北川,姜恕7031。重庆:渝北,刘正宇183999;南川,陈心启2083;武隆,刘正宇182241;万州,植物所三峡队636;奉节,周洪富107546;巫山,植物所三陕队1314;城口,R. P. Farges 837,1441。湖南:新宁,罗仲春535;衡山,教育会博物馆 s.n.;衡东,俞德浚s. n.;长沙,钟观光184;壶瓶山,壶瓶山队17。江西:上犹,江西队72-1150;遂川,236组793;泰和,江西师院生物系20769;南丰,聂敏祥2130;奉新,刘守炉1071;武宁,谭策铭96-6005;庐山,熊跃国1101;南昌,熊杰3328;彭泽,覃海宁18698;婺源,李启和254。福建:南平,?624;建阳,?41。浙江:丽水,钟观光D45;遂昌,植物资源队26387;淳安,植物资源队27325;昌化,贺贤育23894;天目山,贺贤育20954;孝丰,贺贤育24294。江苏:南京,关克俭133。安徽:休宁,刘晓龙419;歙县,关克俭15123;宣城,刘森60055;桃岭,钟观光184;九华山,叶文才88-73;铜陵,刘晓龙571;金寨,王德群5584。湖北:建始,王江榮130;宜昌,郑重40;神农架,236-6队2407;鄂州,万光荣30。甘肃:文县,白水江队947,3250,D. E. Boufford等37444。陕西:洋县,Zhu, Chen, Xu & Wang 1065; 佛坪,孔宏智1014;太白山,傅坤俊2979;眉县,洪德元85-50;长安,周光华9350;山阳,张志英15805。河南:信阳,南方山区队D0021;罗山,植物资源队264;内乡,D. E. Boufford等26055;西峡,河南队484;嵩县,植物资源队L0027。山西:永济,刘天慰121。
231b. 卵瓣还亮草 (变种) 图版91: 9-12
var. savatieri (Franch.) Munz in J. Arn.Arb. 48 (4): 261.1967; W. T. Wang in Acta Phytotax. Sin. 31 (3): 210. 1993; et in Fl. Yunnan. 11: 148, fig. 44: 6-7. 2000; K. M. Li in Fl. Hunan 2: 633, fig. 2-489. 2000; W. T. Wang & M. J. Warnock in Fl. China 6: 273. 2001; R. J. Wang in Fl. Guangdong 5: 4. 2003. — D. savatieri Franch in Bull. Soc. Linn. Paris 1: 330. 1882; et in Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, ser. 8, 5: 162. 1893; Forbes & Hemsl. in J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 23: 19. 1886; Huth in Bot. Jahrb. 20: 423. 1895; Finet & Gagnep. in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 51: 471. 1904. Holotype 浙江: 绍兴,1863-05,Lud. Savatier s. n. (P; photo, PE)。 D. exiguum Pritz. ex Diels in Bot. Jahrb. 29: 327. 1900. Holotype 重庆: 南川,1891, A. V. Rosthorn 2022 (not seen)。
D. robertianum Lévl. & Vaniot in Bull. Acad. Intern. Geogr. Bot. 11: 49. 1902. Holotype 广东: Kong yang, 1897-09-12, E. M. Bodinier s. n. (E, not seen)。
D. minutum Lévl. & Vaniot in Bull. Herb. Boiss., ser. 2, 6: 505. 1906. Holotype 贵州: H. J. Esquirol 24 (E, not seen)。
D. kweichouense W. T. Wang in Acta Bot. Sin. 10 (3): 283. 1962. Holotype 贵州: 惠水,1930-07-18,蒋英8571 (PE)。
D. anthriscifolium var. calleryi auct. non (Franch.) Finet & Gagnep.: Gagnep. in Suppl. Fl. Gen. Indo-China 1: 15.1938; Lauener & Green in Not. Bot. Gard. Edinb. 23(4): 584. 1961; W. T. Wang in Acta Bot. Sin. 10 (3): 277. 1962; Fl. Tsinling. 1 (2): 269, fig. 230. 1974; S. H. Fu, Fl. Hupeh. 1: 339. 1976; W. T. Wang in Fl. Reip. Pop. Sin. 27: 460, pl. 107: 9-12. 1979; B. Z. Ding et al. Fl. Henan. 1: 433. 1981; Fl. Jiangsu 2: 182. 1982; Y. K. Li in Fl. Guizhou. 3: 22. 1986; X. W. Wang in Fl. Anhui 2: 306. 1987; W. T. Wang in Fl. Guangxi 1: 271. 1991; Z. H. Lin in Fl. Zhejiang 2: 262. 1992; W. T. Wang in Fl. Jiangxi 2: 153. 2004.
本变种退化雄蕊的瓣片卵形,顶端微凹或2微裂(稀不分裂或2裂达中部),而与模式变种不同。花的大小与模式变种相同。
分布于中国的云南东部、广西、广东、贵州、四川、重庆、湖北西部、江西、浙江、江苏南部、安徽南部、陕西、河南南部,以及越南北部。生于丘陵、低山山地的林边、灌丛中或草坡上,海拔30~1 550 m。
全草药用,用于便秘、痛疮肿毒、跌打损伤等症。全草含一些生物碱:还亮草碱(anthriscifolcine)、还亮草定(anthriscifoldine)、还亮草明(anthriscifolmine)、伞花翠雀碱(delconine)、囊距翠雀醇(delbrunine).
标本登录 云南: 广南,王启无87870;盐津,蔡希陶50809。广西:天峨,黄志43288(IBSC)。贵州:望谟,张志松,张永田1355,2120。四川:峨眉山,关克俭等644;都江堰,汪发瓒20450。重庆:北碚,俞德浚2854;重庆,方文培758;南川,熊济华,周子林90390;开县,?100368;巫山,王作宾10324。湖南:雪峰山,李泽棠1903。湖北:兴山,刘瑛54。江西:婺源,李启和53。江苏:南京,刘方勋911;苏州,H. T. Feng 112,左景烈802。安徽:铜陵,刘晓龙571。陕西:勉县,傅坤俊3568;平利,劉慎谔8432;周至,S.T.Wang 433; 太白山,王作宾6672;终南山,孔宪武2697;南五台山,刘慎谔67;长安,黄河队甘肃一队33。河南:信阳,关克俭371。N. Vietnam (越南北部): Boo-kan, Eberhardt 4670 (P)。
231c. 大花还亮草 (变种) 图版91: 7-8
var. majus Pamp. in Nuov. Giorn. Bot. Ital., n. s., 22: 288. 1915; W. T. Wang in Acta Bot. Sin. 10 (3): 279. 1962; et in Fl. Reip. Pop. Sin. 27: 462, pl. 107: 7-8. 1979; S. H. Fu. Fl. Hupeh. 1: 340, fig. 472. 1976; X. W. Wang in Fl. Anhui. 2: 306.1987; K. M. Liu, Fl. Hunan 2: 635, fig. 2-490. 2000; W. T. Wang & M. J. Warnock in Fl. China 6: 273. 2001. Holotype 湖北: 西部,Silvestri 3917 (not seen)。
本变种的花较大,长2.3~3.4 cm,萼距长17~24 mm,退化雄蕊瓣片卵形,顶端2微裂至2半裂,而与模式变种不同。
分布于贵州(剑河)、湖南西北、重庆、陕西南部、湖北西部、安徽西部。生于山坡或林边,海拔450~1 740 m。
可供药用,全草用于风湿痹痛,泄泻等症。全草含还亮草碱A(anthriscifolcine A)等生物碱(《中国药用植物志》,2016)。 標本登录 湖南: 沅陵,张桂方402。重庆:武隆,刘正宇182678;云阳,植物所三峡队980;巫山,周洪富109727;巫溪,杨光辉58211。陕西:平利,乔英林1194,于海30054;镇平,乔英林1270。湖北:宜昌,董佩萱60,赵常明0461;巴东,周鹤昌89,陈权龙等1930;兴山,李洪钧10;神农架,236-6队2335。安徽:金寨,?226。
231d. 不了解的一变种
Delphinium anthriseifolium Hance var. ramosum Pamp. in Nuov. Giorn. Bot. Ital., n. s., 22: 288. 1915. Syntypes 湖北: 西部,1912-02-3,Silvestri 3914, 3914a, 3915 (not seen)。
致谢 蒙中国科学院植物研究所资助科研活动经费(课题号110100PZ07);班勤和马欣堂两位先生提供标本,韩芳桥先生提供文献,杨志荣博士提供模式照片,孙英宝先生绘图和稿件录入等,作者谨表示衷心感谢。
参考文献:
BAILEY IH, 1949. Delphinium [M]. Manual of cultivated plants, rev. ed.: 397-399.
BAO MZ, 2011. Flower science [M]. Beijing: Chinese Agriculture Press. [包满珠, 2011. 花卉学 [M]. 北京: 中国农业出版社.]
BENTHAM G, HOOKER JD, 1862. Genera plantarum, Vol. 1. [M]. London.
CHEN FH, 1948. Contributons to the knowledge of the genus Delphinium of southwestern China [J]. Bull Fan Mem Inst Biol, n. Ser. 1: 163-183.
DE CANDOLLE AP, 1817. Regni vegetabilis systema natural. I.[M] Paris.
DIELS L, 1905. Beitrage zur Flora der Tsin Ling Shan undere Zustze zur Flora von Central-China [J]. Bot Jahrb, 36: Beibl, 82: 1-138.
DIELS L, 1912. New and imperfectly known species [J]. Not Bot Gard Edinb, 5: 101-308.
FINET EA, GAGNEPAIN F, 1904. Delphinium. Contriburions à la flore de I’Asie orientale d’après I’herbier du Muséum de Paris [J]. Bull Soc Bot France, 51: 461-537.
FINET EA, 1906. Espèces nouvelles de I’Asie orientale [J]. Bull Soc Bot France, 53: 125-127.
FRANCHET A, 1882.Sur quelques Delphinium de la Chine [J]. Bull Soc Linn Paris, 1: 329-330.
FRANCHET A, 1886. Plantae Yunnanenses a cl. J. M. Delavay collectas enumeravit novasque describit [J]. Bull Soc Bot France, 33: 358-467.
FRANCHET A, 1889. Plantae Delavayanae [M]. Paris.
FRANCHET A, 1893. Exposition synoptique et description Delphinium del la Chine [J]. Bull Soc Philom Paris, sèr. 8, 5: 157-187.
FRANCHET A, 1894. Plantes nouvelles de la Chine occidentale [J]. J de Bot, 8: 273-286.
HANCE HF, 1868. Description of a new Chinese Larkspur [J]. J Bot, 6: 207-208.
HANDEL-MAZZETTI H, 1922. Plantae novae sinenses, diagnosibus brevibus discriptae a Dre [J]. Heinr. Handel-Mazzetti. Anzeig. Akad. Wiss. Wien Math Naturw, Kl, 59: 293-256.
HANDEL-MAZZETTI H, 1931. Ranunculaceae [J]. Symbolae Sinicae 7. Wien.
HANDEL-MAZZETTI H, 1939. Plantae sinenses a Dre. H. Smith annis 1921-1922, 1924 et 1934 lectae 33. Ranunculaceae [J]. Acta Hortic Gotob, 13: 327-336. HEMSLEY WB, 1892. Observation on a botanical collection made by Mr. A. E. Pratt in western China, with descriptions of some new Chinese plants from various collections [J]. J Linn Soc Bot, 29: 298-322.
HOW FC, WANG WT, 1964. Ranunculaceae [M]//Flora Hainanica. Beijing: Science Press, 1: 304-309. [侯宽昭,王文采, 1964. 毛茛科 [M]//海南植物志. 北京:科学出版社, 1:304-309.]
HUANG TY, HUANG TC, 1996. Ranunculaceae [M]//Flora of Taiwan. 2nd ed. Taipei: Tah Jinw Printing Press, 2: 506-574.
HUTH E, 1893. Neue Arten der Gattung Delphinium [J]. Bull Herb Boiss, 1: 327-336.
HUTH E, 1895. Monographie der Gattung Delphinium [J]. Bot Jahrb, 20: 322-499.
JARVIS CF, BARRIE FR. ALLAN DM, REVEAL JL, 1993. A list of Linnean generic names and their types [J]. Regnum Veg, 127. Kmgstein.
KUAN KC, 1935. The species of the genus Delphinium in China [J]. J Bot Soc China, 1: 402-414. [關克俭, 1935. 中国产之飞燕草 [J]. 中国植物学杂志, 1:402-414.]
LEVEILLE H, 1906. Novitates sinenses [J]. Bull Herb Boiss., Ser. 2, 6: 504-506.
LEVEILLE H, 1909. Decades plantarum novarum 17-19 [J]. Repert Sp Nov, 7: 97-103.
LI SC, 1996. Wild flowers of China [M]. Tianjin: Tianjin Education Press. [黎盛臣,1996. 中国野生花卉 [M]. 天津: 天津教育出版社.]
LI XY, 2018. Taxonomy of ornamental plants [M]. Beijing: Science Press. [李先源, 2018. 观赏植物分类学 [M]. 北京:科学出版社.]
MALYUTIN NI, 1973. The phylogeny and taxonomy of the Delphinium genus [J]. Bot Zhurn, 58: 1710-1722.
MALYUTIN NI, 1987. The system of the genus Delphinium (Ranunculaceae) based on the morphological features of seeds [J]. Bot Zhurn, 72: 683-693.
MARQUAND CVB, 1929. The botanical collection made by Capt. F. Kingdon Ward in the eastern Himalaya and Tibet in 1924-1925 [J]. J Linn Soc Bot, 48: 149-229.
MAXIMOWICZ CJ, 1877. Diagnoses plantarum novarum Asiaticarum 1 [J]. Bull Acad Sci St Pètersb, 23: 305-391.
MAXIMOWICZ CJ, 1889. Flora Tangutica [J]. St. Petersb.
MUNZ PA, 1967-1968. A synopsis of the Asian species of Delphinium, sensu stricto [J]. J Arn Arb, 48: 249-302, 476-593(1967), 49: 73-259(1968).
NEVSKI SA, 1937. Delphinium [M]//KOMAROV VL(Ed.) Flora URSS Moskwa & Leningrad, 7: 99-183.
OSTENFELD CH, PAULSEN O, 1922. A list of flowering plants from inner Asia, collected by Dr. Sven Hedin [J]. In Sven Hedin, Southern Tibet 6: 25-100.
POWLOWSKI B, 1993. Delphinium [M]//Fl. Europea. 2nd ed. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 1: 257-260.
PRANTL K, 1888. Ranunculaceae [M]//ENGLER A, PRANTL K(eds.) Die naturlichen Pflanzenfamilien, 3(2): 43-66. Leipzig. RAU MA, 1993. Delphinium [M]//Flora of India. Calcutt: Botanical Survey of India, 1: 86-101.
SMITH WW, 1913. Diagnoses specierum novarum chinensium in herbario Horti Regii Botanici Edinburgensis cognotarum [J]. Not Bot Gard Edinb, 8: 105-136.
SPACH E, 1839. Histoire des naturelle vègetaux Phanèrogames 7 [M]. Paris.
TAMURA M, 1966. Morpholgy, ecology and phylogeny of the Ranunculaceae 6 [J]. Sci Rep Osaka Univ, 15: 13-35.
TAMURA M, 1995. Ranunculaceae: Systematic Part [M]//HIEPKO P. Nat. Pflanzenfam. Zwei. Aufl., 17aIV: 224-497. Berlin: Duncker & Humblot.
WANG WT, 1957. Notulae de Ranunculaceis sinensibus [J]. Acta Phytotax Sin, 6(4): 361-391. [王文采,1957. 中国毛茛科植物小志 [J]. 植物分类学报, 6(4): 361-391.]
WANG WT, 1962. A preliminary study of Chinese Delphinium [J]. Acta Bot Sci, 10(1): 59-89; (2): 138-165; (3): 264-284. [王文采,1962. 中国毛茛科翠雀属的初步研究 [J]. 植物学报, 10(1): 39-89; (2): 138-165; (3): 264-284.]
WANG WT, 1979. Delphinium [M] //Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae. Beijing: Sciense Press, 27: 326-462. [王文采, 1979. 翠雀屬 [M]//中国植物志. 北京:科学出版社, 27: 326-462.]
WANG WT, 1997. Notulae de Ranunculaceis sinensibus (21) [J]. Guihaia, 17(1): 1-15. [王文采,1997. 中国毛茛科植物小志(廿一) [J]. 广西植物, 17(1): 1-15.]
WANG WT, WARNOCK MJ, 2001. Delphinium [M]//WU ZY, RAVEN PH. Flora of China. Beijing: Science Press; St. Louis: Missouri Botanical Garden Press, 6: 223-274.
WARNOCK MJ, 1997.Delphinium [M]//MORIN NR, et al. Flora of North America. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 3: 196-240.
XIAO PG, 1980. A preliminary study of the correlation between phylogeny, chemical constituents and pharmaceutical aspects in the taxa of Chinese Ranunculaceae [J]. Acta Phytotax Sin, 18(2): 143-153. [肖培根, 1980. 中国毛茛科植物群的亲缘关系,化学成分和疗效间相关性的初步探索 [J]. 植物分类学报, 18(2): 143-153.]
XIE L, WANG ZT, CONG X, et al., 2016. Delphinium [M]//AI TM, WEI FN. Medicinal Flora of China. Beijing: Peking University Medical Press, 3: 167-205. [谢磊, 王峥涛, 从潇, 2016. 翠雀属 [M]//艾铁民, 韦发南. 中国药用植物志. 北京:北京大学医学出版社, 3: 167-205.]