The general two—step protocol for rice anther culture is time and labor consuming. Since 1982, there have been some papers dealing with a simpler one—step method that plantlets directly regenerate from callus on the initiation mediums which results in avoiding the procedure of callus transplant. So far,it is still difficult to be applied in practice due to their low frequency of direct regeneration. Recently, we successfully increased the frequency of direct plantlet regeneration with phenylacetic acid (PAA), which might make the one-step method practical, particularly for rice breeding and DH population construction. The general two-step protocol for rice anther culture is time and labor consuming. Since 1982, there have been some papers dealing with a simpler one-step method that plantlets directly regenerate from callus on the initiation mediums which results in avoiding the procedure of callus so far, it is still difficult to be applied in practice due to their low frequency of direct regeneration. , particularly for rice breeding and DH population construction.