在沙皇时代，对重大政治犯或者刑事犯的惩治常常是流放西伯利亚等边远地区。流放的名目有两种，一种叫苦役流刑犯，一种叫移民流刑犯。这种“移民流刑”的惩罚就意味着犯人在监管和劳役下过永久流放的生活，此生此世不得再返回故乡。这是久远的历史。除了史学家，很少再有人提 In the tsarist era, the punishment of major political prisoners or criminals was often exiled to remote areas such as Siberia. There are two kinds of exile, one called the criminals flow criminals, immigrants called criminals. This punishment of “immigration and exile” implies that prisoners have lived a permanent and exiled life under supervision and servitude and will not return to their homeland in this life. This is a long history. In addition to historians, few people mention it