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Based on the composite modification technology of the surface of nano silicon dioxide by non-soap emulsion polymerization, it is verified that there are polymer grafted on the surface of nano silicon dioxide. The modification mechanism and the bonding status on the surface of nano silicon dioxide after modification were suggested via the results of the infrared spectrum, transmission electronic microscope photograph and X-ray photoelectron spectrum. The hydroxyl formed by hydrolyzing of silane coupling agent reacts with hydroxyl on the surface of nano silicon dioxide to form Si-O-Si bonds by losing water molecules and hence the double bonds are introduced onto the surface of nano silicon dioxide. The surface of nano silicon dioxide is grafted with polymer through free radical polymerization between the double bonds on the surface of nano silicon dioxide and styrene under the action of initiating agent. The dispersibility of nano silicon dioxide and the controllability of surface modification of nano silicon dioxide can be greatly improved by the modification process.