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阅读中的推理判断题要求在理解原文表面文字信息的基础上，对原文中没有提及的情况进行推理，即从已知的信息中推理出未知信息，从而得出文章隐含的深层意义，所涉及的内容可能是文中的某一句话、某几句话或全文。故而推理题的答案是根据所给信息的同义改编或综合理解。推理判断题的题干中通常有标志性的词语如infer，suggest，imply，conclude，indicate，refer to等。
从近几年来新课标全国卷Ⅰ的阅读题型统计可以看出推理判断题在高考阅读中所占比例的跳跃式增加（2016占比20%，2017年则为53%），说明高考对同学们推理判断能力的要求在逐年提高。这就要求同学们在面对一篇阅读理解时要在理解事实的基础上，把握其深层含义和言外之意，包括作者的态度、观点、意图等。不仅要理解文章中某句、某段的含义，还要理清全文的逻辑关系，并对其进行判断和推理。从这方面讲，高考阅读理解的难度增加了。
[真题解读]
例1 （2017·全国卷Ⅰ） I work with Volunteers for Wildlife， a rescue and education organization at Bailey Arboretum in Locust Valley. Trying to help injured， displaced or sick creatures can be heartbreaking； survival is never certain. However， when it works， it is simply beautiful.
I got a rescue call from a woman in Muttontown. She had found a young owl（猫头鹰） on the ground. When I arrived， I saw a 2-to 3-week-old owl. It had already been placed in a carrier for safety.
I examined the chick（雏鸟） and it seemed fine. If I could locate the nest， I might have been able to put it back， but no luck. My next work was to construct a nest and anchor it in a tree.
The homeowner was very helpful. A wire basket was found. I put some pine branches into the basket to make this nest safe and comfortable. I placed the chick in the nest， and it quickly calmed down.
Now all that was needed were the parents， but they were absent. I gave the homeowner a recording of the hunger screams of owl chicks. These advertise the presence of chicks to adults； they might also encourage our chick to start calling as well. I gave the owner as much information as possible and headed home to see what news the night might bring.
A nervous night to be sure， but sometimes the spirits of nature smile on us all！ The homeowner called to say that the parents had responded to the recordings. I drove over and saw the chick in the nest looking healthy and active. And it was accompanied in the nest by the greatest sight of all—LUNCH！ The parents had done their duty and would probably continue to do so.
24. What is unavoidable in the author’s rescue work according to paragraph 1？
A. Efforts made in vain.
B. Getting injured in his work.
C. Feeling uncertain about his future.
D. Creatures forced out of their homes.
解析 A。推理判斷题。根据第一段中 Trying to help injured， displaced or sick creatures can be heartbreaking； survival is never certain. However， when it works， it is simply beautiful可知，救助受伤动物是令人心碎的，因为动物们能否存活是不确定的，所以付出的努力有可能白费（when it doesn’t works）。B（在工作中受伤）文中未提，C（作者对自己未来的不确定）文中未提及，文中讲的是不确定救助的动物能否存活，D（动物被迫离开家园）文章未提，所以选A。 25. Why was the author called to Muttontown？
A. To rescue a woman.
B. To take care of a woman.
C. To look at a baby owl.
D. To cure a young owl.
解析 C。推理判断题。根据第二段中She had found a young owl（猫头鹰） on the ground. When I arrived， I saw a 2-to 3-week-old owl. It had already been placed in a carrier for safety.有人给作者打求助电话，她发现有只小猫头鹰掉地上了，作者赶去看看情况。这位女士打电话求助的目的不是自己，所以A和B不对。文中并未提到小猫头鹰受伤的情况，D属于错误推理。
27. How would the author feel about the outcome of the event？
A. It’s unexpected. B. It’s beautiful.
C. It’s humorous. D. It’s discouraging.
解析 B。推理判斷题。就事件结果分析作者的观点态度。通读全文，作者为小猫头鹰做了窝，帮它找回了父母，作者的救助成功了，说明结局美好。第一段最后一句话更强化了结局美好这个结论。干扰选项中unexpected，humorous和discoursing都不符合文章基调。
例2 （2017·全国卷Ⅰ） A build-it-yourself solar still（蒸馏器） is one of the best ways to obtain drinking water in areas where the liquid is not readily available. Developed by two doctors in the U.S. Department of Agriculture， it’s an excellent water collector. Unfortunately， you must carry the necessary equipment with you， since it’s all but impossible to find natural substitutes. The only components required， though， are a 5×5 sheet of clear or slightly milky plastic， six feet of plastic tube， and a container—perhaps just a drinking cup—to catch the water. These pieces can be folded into a neat little pack and fastened on your belt.
To construct a working still， use a sharp stick or rock to dig a hole four feet across and three feet deep. Try to make the hole in a damp area to increase the water catcher’s productivity. Place your cup in the deepest part of the hole. Then lay the tube in place so that one end rests all the way in the cup and the rest of the line runs up—and out—the side of the hole.
Next， cover the hole with the plastic sheet， securing the edges of the plastic with dirt and weighting the sheet’s center down with a rock. The plastic should now form a cone（圆锥体） with 45-degree-angled sides. The low point of the sheet must be centered directly over， and no more than three inches above， the cup.
The solar still works by creating a greenhouse under the plastic. Ground water evaporates （蒸发） and collects on the sheet until small drops of water form， run down the material and fall off into the cup. When the container is full， you can suck the refreshment out through the tube， and won’t have to break down the still every time you need a drink.
32. What do we know about the solar still equipment from the first paragraph？ A. It’s delicate. B. It’s expensive.
C. It’s complex. D. It’s portable.
解析 D。推理判斷题。根据第一段最后一句These pieces can be folded into a neat little pack and fastened on your belt.可知制作蒸馏器的东西可以放在一个小包里，系在腰间，说明设备轻便。delicate“脆弱的，精致的”，expensive“昂贵的”，complex“复杂的”，词义均不符合。
33. What does the underlined phrase “the water catcher” in paragraph 2 refer to？
A. The tube. B. The still.
C. The hole. D. The cup.
解析 B。推理判断题。根据第二段第二句Try to make the hole in a damp area to increase the water catcher’s productivity. Place your cup in the deepest part of the hole.可知最好在潮湿的地方挖洞，提高接水器的工作效率。the tube是接水器的一部分，the cup不存在工作效率的问题，要一一排除。
35. When a solar still works， drops of water come into the cup from ________.
A. the plastic tube B. outside the hole
C. the open air D. beneath the sheet
解析 D。推理判断题。根据第四段第二句Ground water evaporates （蒸发） and collects on the sheet until small drops of water form， run down the material and fall off into the cup.可知地下水蒸发，在覆盖膜上汇聚形成小水滴，水滴落入杯子，故水滴凝聚在覆盖膜下方。管子、洞外和空气都是干扰选项。
[解题策略]
2017年高考真题中推理判断题出现频率高且部分篇幅中出题相当集中，摈弃了常规的写作意图、写作目的、文章出处、目标读者、补充猜测等等设题方式，基本上所有题目在文中都能找到相应信息。考查基础、全面，没有偏、怪、难题，对考试词汇和综合能力的要求较高。那么如何做推理判断题，如何备考推理判断题呢，笔者有以下思考。
1. 基本解题步骤
首先通过题干找到相关信息点，即推理的依据，然后细读理解其字面意义，最后结合语境，在字面意义的基础上进行符合逻辑的推断，从而理解作者的言外之意。对于观点态度类的题目，要全面理解文章的内容及感情基调，注意能够表达作者思想倾向和感情色彩的形容词、副词等，切勿用自己的主观想法或观点代替作者的观点。
2. 选项甄别
推理判断题不仅要推理，还要选择判断出正确选项，排除掉干扰选项。这是考查的重点，也是解推理判断题的关键。
此类题中正确选项设置一般有这几个特征：
（1）符合原文主旨，含义丰富，概括性强。
（2）措辞不绝对化，相对留有余地。通常有修饰词如often，usually，sometimes，might，can，could，possibly，probably等。
（3）来源于原文又高于原文，注意“不是原文”。
（4）推理不是凭空猜测，而是立足已知推断未知，因此正确选项一定能在文中找到依据或理由，但如果选项中有文中原句则不选。
（5）推理过程和结论符合作者意愿，而不是读者的判断或常识判断。
（6）推断作者观点态度时不能以自己的观点代替作者的想法，因此脱离原文的主观臆断都是错误的。
干扰选项设置一般有如下几个特征：
（1）只重复原文的细节，以偏概全。
（2）包含过于绝对化的词语。
（3）在文中无相应信息支持，或和原文毫无关系。
（4）文中直接说明的内容。
（5）直接陈述文章内容的选项不能选，要选择根据文章内容推理出来的选项。
综上，同学们要对设题选项有个基本的了解，结合题目认真解读作者陈述的观点和描述的事实，进行正确合乎逻辑地推论和甄别，做到“有理有据有思路”，去伪存真，从而得出符合原文信息或提示的最佳答案。
从近几年来新课标全国卷Ⅰ的阅读题型统计可以看出推理判断题在高考阅读中所占比例的跳跃式增加（2016占比20%，2017年则为53%），说明高考对同学们推理判断能力的要求在逐年提高。这就要求同学们在面对一篇阅读理解时要在理解事实的基础上，把握其深层含义和言外之意，包括作者的态度、观点、意图等。不仅要理解文章中某句、某段的含义，还要理清全文的逻辑关系，并对其进行判断和推理。从这方面讲，高考阅读理解的难度增加了。
[真题解读]
例1 （2017·全国卷Ⅰ） I work with Volunteers for Wildlife， a rescue and education organization at Bailey Arboretum in Locust Valley. Trying to help injured， displaced or sick creatures can be heartbreaking； survival is never certain. However， when it works， it is simply beautiful.
I got a rescue call from a woman in Muttontown. She had found a young owl（猫头鹰） on the ground. When I arrived， I saw a 2-to 3-week-old owl. It had already been placed in a carrier for safety.
I examined the chick（雏鸟） and it seemed fine. If I could locate the nest， I might have been able to put it back， but no luck. My next work was to construct a nest and anchor it in a tree.
The homeowner was very helpful. A wire basket was found. I put some pine branches into the basket to make this nest safe and comfortable. I placed the chick in the nest， and it quickly calmed down.
Now all that was needed were the parents， but they were absent. I gave the homeowner a recording of the hunger screams of owl chicks. These advertise the presence of chicks to adults； they might also encourage our chick to start calling as well. I gave the owner as much information as possible and headed home to see what news the night might bring.
A nervous night to be sure， but sometimes the spirits of nature smile on us all！ The homeowner called to say that the parents had responded to the recordings. I drove over and saw the chick in the nest looking healthy and active. And it was accompanied in the nest by the greatest sight of all—LUNCH！ The parents had done their duty and would probably continue to do so.
24. What is unavoidable in the author’s rescue work according to paragraph 1？
A. Efforts made in vain.
B. Getting injured in his work.
C. Feeling uncertain about his future.
D. Creatures forced out of their homes.
解析 A。推理判斷题。根据第一段中 Trying to help injured， displaced or sick creatures can be heartbreaking； survival is never certain. However， when it works， it is simply beautiful可知，救助受伤动物是令人心碎的，因为动物们能否存活是不确定的，所以付出的努力有可能白费（when it doesn’t works）。B（在工作中受伤）文中未提，C（作者对自己未来的不确定）文中未提及，文中讲的是不确定救助的动物能否存活，D（动物被迫离开家园）文章未提，所以选A。 25. Why was the author called to Muttontown？
A. To rescue a woman.
B. To take care of a woman.
C. To look at a baby owl.
D. To cure a young owl.
解析 C。推理判断题。根据第二段中She had found a young owl（猫头鹰） on the ground. When I arrived， I saw a 2-to 3-week-old owl. It had already been placed in a carrier for safety.有人给作者打求助电话，她发现有只小猫头鹰掉地上了，作者赶去看看情况。这位女士打电话求助的目的不是自己，所以A和B不对。文中并未提到小猫头鹰受伤的情况，D属于错误推理。
27. How would the author feel about the outcome of the event？
A. It’s unexpected. B. It’s beautiful.
C. It’s humorous. D. It’s discouraging.
解析 B。推理判斷题。就事件结果分析作者的观点态度。通读全文，作者为小猫头鹰做了窝，帮它找回了父母，作者的救助成功了，说明结局美好。第一段最后一句话更强化了结局美好这个结论。干扰选项中unexpected，humorous和discoursing都不符合文章基调。
例2 （2017·全国卷Ⅰ） A build-it-yourself solar still（蒸馏器） is one of the best ways to obtain drinking water in areas where the liquid is not readily available. Developed by two doctors in the U.S. Department of Agriculture， it’s an excellent water collector. Unfortunately， you must carry the necessary equipment with you， since it’s all but impossible to find natural substitutes. The only components required， though， are a 5×5 sheet of clear or slightly milky plastic， six feet of plastic tube， and a container—perhaps just a drinking cup—to catch the water. These pieces can be folded into a neat little pack and fastened on your belt.
To construct a working still， use a sharp stick or rock to dig a hole four feet across and three feet deep. Try to make the hole in a damp area to increase the water catcher’s productivity. Place your cup in the deepest part of the hole. Then lay the tube in place so that one end rests all the way in the cup and the rest of the line runs up—and out—the side of the hole.
Next， cover the hole with the plastic sheet， securing the edges of the plastic with dirt and weighting the sheet’s center down with a rock. The plastic should now form a cone（圆锥体） with 45-degree-angled sides. The low point of the sheet must be centered directly over， and no more than three inches above， the cup.
The solar still works by creating a greenhouse under the plastic. Ground water evaporates （蒸发） and collects on the sheet until small drops of water form， run down the material and fall off into the cup. When the container is full， you can suck the refreshment out through the tube， and won’t have to break down the still every time you need a drink.
32. What do we know about the solar still equipment from the first paragraph？ A. It’s delicate. B. It’s expensive.
C. It’s complex. D. It’s portable.
解析 D。推理判斷题。根据第一段最后一句These pieces can be folded into a neat little pack and fastened on your belt.可知制作蒸馏器的东西可以放在一个小包里，系在腰间，说明设备轻便。delicate“脆弱的，精致的”，expensive“昂贵的”，complex“复杂的”，词义均不符合。
33. What does the underlined phrase “the water catcher” in paragraph 2 refer to？
A. The tube. B. The still.
C. The hole. D. The cup.
解析 B。推理判断题。根据第二段第二句Try to make the hole in a damp area to increase the water catcher’s productivity. Place your cup in the deepest part of the hole.可知最好在潮湿的地方挖洞，提高接水器的工作效率。the tube是接水器的一部分，the cup不存在工作效率的问题，要一一排除。
35. When a solar still works， drops of water come into the cup from ________.
A. the plastic tube B. outside the hole
C. the open air D. beneath the sheet
解析 D。推理判断题。根据第四段第二句Ground water evaporates （蒸发） and collects on the sheet until small drops of water form， run down the material and fall off into the cup.可知地下水蒸发，在覆盖膜上汇聚形成小水滴，水滴落入杯子，故水滴凝聚在覆盖膜下方。管子、洞外和空气都是干扰选项。
[解题策略]
2017年高考真题中推理判断题出现频率高且部分篇幅中出题相当集中，摈弃了常规的写作意图、写作目的、文章出处、目标读者、补充猜测等等设题方式，基本上所有题目在文中都能找到相应信息。考查基础、全面，没有偏、怪、难题，对考试词汇和综合能力的要求较高。那么如何做推理判断题，如何备考推理判断题呢，笔者有以下思考。
1. 基本解题步骤
首先通过题干找到相关信息点，即推理的依据，然后细读理解其字面意义，最后结合语境，在字面意义的基础上进行符合逻辑的推断，从而理解作者的言外之意。对于观点态度类的题目，要全面理解文章的内容及感情基调，注意能够表达作者思想倾向和感情色彩的形容词、副词等，切勿用自己的主观想法或观点代替作者的观点。
2. 选项甄别
推理判断题不仅要推理，还要选择判断出正确选项，排除掉干扰选项。这是考查的重点，也是解推理判断题的关键。
此类题中正确选项设置一般有这几个特征：
（1）符合原文主旨，含义丰富，概括性强。
（2）措辞不绝对化，相对留有余地。通常有修饰词如often，usually，sometimes，might，can，could，possibly，probably等。
（3）来源于原文又高于原文，注意“不是原文”。
（4）推理不是凭空猜测，而是立足已知推断未知，因此正确选项一定能在文中找到依据或理由，但如果选项中有文中原句则不选。
（5）推理过程和结论符合作者意愿，而不是读者的判断或常识判断。
（6）推断作者观点态度时不能以自己的观点代替作者的想法，因此脱离原文的主观臆断都是错误的。
干扰选项设置一般有如下几个特征：
（1）只重复原文的细节，以偏概全。
（2）包含过于绝对化的词语。
（3）在文中无相应信息支持，或和原文毫无关系。
（4）文中直接说明的内容。
（5）直接陈述文章内容的选项不能选，要选择根据文章内容推理出来的选项。
综上，同学们要对设题选项有个基本的了解，结合题目认真解读作者陈述的观点和描述的事实，进行正确合乎逻辑地推论和甄别，做到“有理有据有思路”，去伪存真，从而得出符合原文信息或提示的最佳答案。