论文部分内容阅读
【摘要】 书面表达题较之语法选择、完形填空、阅读理解等项目更能直接考查学生运用英语进行表达的能力。书面表达训练重点由运用高级词汇、丰富的语法结构和恰当的连接词构成。
【关键词】 书面表达 训练重点 高级词汇 语法结构 连接词
书面表达是中学英语教学的重要组成部分，是检验学生书面交际能力的一个重要途径。书面表达题作为要求考生输出所学知识的测试题，较之语法选择、完形填空、阅读理解等项目等更能直接考查学生们运用英语进行表达的能力。提高学生的书面表达能力，对全面提高学生的英语语言素质具有重要意义。新《普通高中英语课程标准》对写作技能提出了新的要求。在现代社会中，无论是用传统的纸笔还是用最先进的电子邮件传递信息，写作都是非常重要的。写作是反映学生实际语言水平的一种综合能力。因此，在高中阶段教师应重视英语写作，认真研究新教材和新课程标准，在指导和组织学生进行英语写作上下功夫，在平时教学中应有计划、有目的地去训练和提高学生的写作能力。
《英语课程标准》对九级语言技能目标——写作能力的描述如下：1. 能用英文书写摘要、报告、通知和公务信涵等；2. 能比较详细和生动地用英语描述情景、态度或情感；3. 能阐述自己的观点和评述他人的观点，文体恰当，用词准确；4. 能在写作中恰当地处理引用的资料及他人的原话；5. 能填写各种表格，写个人简历和申请书，用语基本正确、得当；6. 能做简单的笔头翻译；7. 能在以上写作过程中做到文字通顺，格式正确。同时详细列出写作技能与试题设计的要求和写作评价标准。其中测试方式：1. 短文写作（日记、小故事等）；2. 实用性写作（卡片、信件、说明、留言、填写表格等）；3. 图文信息转换（图表描述、信息解读、写配图说明）；4. 接续完成文段；5. 写电子邮件等。而对学生的作文主要从内容要点、语言使用效果、结构和连贯性、格式和语域以及与目标读者的交流五个方面进行评价。
学生进入高中阶段，老师就开始进行写作练习，经过近三年的训练。尤其是在高考前的冲刺阶段，大部分学生在时态、人称、文章要点的把握上已经不存在多大的问题，但从《英语课程标准》对学生的要求来看，学生在写作中仍存在以下问题：（1）作文内容贫乏，思路不开阔。由于思路阻塞，又懒于思索，写作时所用的词语自然是最简单、最保险的词，因此所写内容单调，平淡。有的作文空话连篇，反来复去用那么几句话，显得词穷语尽，没有实际内容，苍白无力．（2）缺少整体观念．很多学生在动笔前不审题，不构思，想一句写一句，东拼西凑，语无伦次，根本没有使作文主题与段落和句子连贯为一体的整体概念。另一方面，学生在写作时，过分注意每一句话的语法和单词拼写，而忽视了前后句子的衔接，于是所写语篇断断续续，文章主题模糊不清。（3）词汇贫乏。针对以上存在的问题，教师需要指导学生进行高效率的写作练习。
笔者最近对临近高考的学生上了一堂如何让书面表达提高档次的作文指导课，下面想结合这堂课谈谈我的体会。
首先分析2006年高考英语书面表达（江苏卷）的特点。
据报道，2008年北京奥运会将选拔约十万名志愿者为之服务。请你以“Dos and Don’ts for the 2008Olympic Volunteers”为题，用英语写一篇短文，讨论志愿者应该做什么，不应该做什么。短文应包括下表中的内容：
DosDon’ts1．待人礼貌友好1．避免不得体的言行2．坚守岗位2．不忘履行自己的职责3．介绍中国历史和文化3．不损害祖国的形象。如果你成为志愿者，你还应该做什么，不应该做什么。（内容由考生自己拟定） 注意：1.对所给要点,不要简单翻译,要有适当发挥.
2.词数120左右.短文中已写好的部分,不计入词数
范文：
Dos and Don’ts for the 2008Olympic Volunteers
It is reported that about 100 000 people will be chosen as volunteers for the 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing. What should the volunteers do and what should they not do ? Firstly,they should be polite and friendly to the athletes and visitors from all over the world, and avoid improper behaviour. Secondly, they should stick to their posts, offering good services, satisfying any reasonable needs and being ready to help those in difficulty, and never fail to do their duty. Thirdly, they should introduce the Chinese culture and history to foreigners so that they may know China better, and never say or do anything that harms the image of our motherland.
If I have the honour to be chosen as a volunteer,besides the above, I will work hard and creatively, but never be lazy. I will follow the law and discipline,but never break them.I will take the opportunity to make friends with the athletes and visitors, and help make the 2008 Olympic Games a great success.
本篇范文的主要特點：
A.运用较高级词汇:
1. be chosen as…
2. be polite and friendly to
3.stick to
4. satisfy any reasonable needs
5. be ready to
6. in difficulty
7. fail to ¡¡
8. have the honour to
9. take the opportunity to¡¡¡¡
10. avoid improper behaviour
B. 丰富的语法结构：
1.It is reported that…
2. anything that harms the image of-
3. offering … satisfying…being
4. make… a great success
C.恰当的连接词：
1. so that
2. Firstly, secondly, thirdly
3. besides
4. but
（一）高级词汇的选择和使用，不仅可以令文章鹤立鸡群，而且可以反映出作者的整体英语水平。如access, annoyed, confused, cute, essential, fascinated, participate, stuff, terrific等目前中学英语大纲里没有却又在阅读时经常碰到的单词，均可视作高级词汇。高级词汇的运用要注意以下几个原则a．多实少虚，b．短语优先， c.弃旧取新，d．避免重复
什么叫“多实少虚”？试比较下面两个句子：
(1)He is nice.
(2) He is warm-hearted.
“nice”与 “warm-heated”相比，显然没有后者具体形象。所以在描写一个人或者一件事的时候，尽量选择有实际意义的词，少用空洞意义的词。
“短语优先”原则是指用词组、习语来代替一些单词。例如：
1.A new railway is being built in my hometown.
替换为A new railway is under construction in my hometown.
2.It will be very interesting. 替换为 It will be of great interest.
3.The boy was careless on the road.
替换为 The boy was absent minded on the road.
“弃旧取新” 原则要求学生学会在写作中选择大纲上没有，但平时报刊杂志经常见到的符合英语习惯的词。例如：
We all have the same chance.如果改为We all possess the same opportunity. 效果顯然不可同日而语。试体会斜体部分被括号中的词汇代替后的效果
（1） There are more opponents.（exist）
（2） That is a difficult job. (challenging)
避免重复使用某一单词或短语。例如：I like reading while my brother (likes) is fond of watching TV.
（二）丰富的语法结构可以使文章充满生气。过于简单的句子使文章缺少逻辑性，可读性。例如
Yesterday, there was a policeman in the street. He stopped a car. The car was at the corner. It looked like a Honda. There was a boy on the sidewalk. He was riding his bicycle. The bicycle was a two-wheeler. The car nearly knocked down the boy.
请看修改后的句子：Yesterday, a policeman stopped a car—Honda at the corner of the street, because it nearly knocked down a boy who was riding a two-wheel bicycle on the sidewalk. 经过调整，文章一下子有了声色。通过这个例子，学生体会到了丰富的语法结构的重要。在平时的教学中教师要有意识地引导学生做一些句型转换练习，使学生学会灵活运用各种从句、非谓语、倒装、with结构、独立主格结构、强调句型、虚拟句型等等，可以为他们习作水平的提高增加砝码。请按括号里的要求改写下面的句子：
1． Two boys were riding bikes and talking with each other.（使用V-ing形式）
Two boys were riding bikes, ____________.
2. To his surprise, the little girl knows so many things.（使用名词性从句）
________________ is that the little girl knows so many things.
3.He came in and there was a baby in his arms.（使用with结构）
He came in, ____________.
4.He didn’t know what had happened until he had read the news in the newspaper.（使用强调句型）
_______________________he knew what had happened.
5. I hope that the whole society can care more about migrant kids. (使用强调句)
I______ hope that the whole society can care more about migrant kids.
6.You can never see a more beautiful place than that.（使用倒装句型）
_____________ a more beaytiful place than that.
7.When he spoke, he felt more and more excited.（使用the---the 句型）
__________ he spoke, __________ excited he felt.
8.Because the weather was fine, many people went to climb the hill.
（使用独立主格结构）
_______________, a large number of people went to climb the hill.
9.He walked out of the lab and many stydents followed him.（使用过去分词）
________ by many students, he walked out of the lab.
10. The weather was bad and the road was slippery, so the driver couldn’t stop the suddenly.（使用虚拟语气）
But for the bad weather and slippery, the driver could_________________.
（三）恰当的连接词是一篇文章的重要组成部分，它是判断一篇文章语言连贯流畅的不可缺少的因素。连接词的恰当使用还可使文章层次清楚，重点突出。
在平时的练习中，这样的句子司空见惯：We are good friends, we should help each other. 我们可以进行以下的修改We are good friends and we should help each other. /As we are good friends，we should help each other. / Being good friends，we should help each other.
常见的连接词如下：
表列举：for example、for instance、that is to say，at first ,first of all .firstly ,secondly ,at last ,finally for one thing ,for another,etc
表补充：besides、in addition、moreover，what’s more,meanwhile,etc
表对比：on the one hand…on the other hand, like, unlike, such as, on the contrary,while,etc
表原因：because of、thanks to、due to、owing to，etc
表结果：therefore、thus、as a result、so，etc
表转折：however、nevertheless、yet，etc ：
表时间顺序、动作过程的：at the same time, in the last twenty years, first…, then…, later…, finally…, while, afterwards, soon after ,as,when,etc.
表方位关系的：in the middle of , at the back of, on the left/ right, to the east/ west等。
表示并列关系的：and, as well as, also etc.
表示让步关系的：even if, in spite of, even though,though,although,etc.
表示总结性的：in general, in a word ,in short,to conclude、in a word、in brief、to sum up，etc.
请给下面一段文字加上恰当的连接词：
____they turned right, a car came out at a high speed turning left on the corner. _______both the boys and the driver acted quickly, it was too late.(as/though)
经过以上的点拨、分析，学生有了一定的感性认识，接下来让学生进入实战演练阶段。
《21世纪英文报》记者采访了你校“争做好学生好公民”活动，并邀请你就活动前后同学们的言行变化写一篇英语报道，同时发表你的个人看法。
活动前活动后1．上课迟到，作业拖拉1．准时到校，作业认真2．不问候老师，课后喧哗2．尊敬师长，帮助他人3．乘车插队，上车抢座3．乘车排队，上车让座学生完成任务后，笔者要求他们仔细认真检查一遍，看格式是否正确，要点是否齐全，开头结尾是否合理，有无简单的单词和语法错误，并及时改正错误。接下来要求同学互相交换习作，并讨论彼此的错误和较好的表达方式，最后选出一篇较好的习作，在全班投映并朗读。笔者通过引导学生讨论并集体修改，让学生找出习作中较好的短语、句型等闪光点。然后笔者通过投映展示范文，并让学生找出其中的高级词汇、丰富的句型结构以及恰当的连接词。
学生习作
At the beginning of the term, a campaign “to be a good student and a good citizen” was launched in our school , and great changes have taken place since then.
In the past , we were often late for school and didn’t hand in our homework in time.We didn’t greet our teachers when we meet them and after class we made loud noises. Besides, we jumped the queue for buses and scrambled for seats.
Now, We are not late for school and do our homework carefully.We have learned to respectthe elders.we now help others. We ofen wait in line for buses, offering seats to other passengers.
In my opinion, the campaingn is very important, and we learn a lot from it.
修改后：
Before the campaign, we used to be late for school and failed to hand in our homework in time.Often, we forgot to greet our teachers when meeting them and after class we made loud noises. Worse still, we jumped the queue for buses and scrambled for seats.
However, the campaign changed us a lot. We are no longer late for school and do our homework more carefully.We have learned to show respect for the elders,help others,wait in line for buses and offer seats to other passengers.
The campaingn is a very good experience, from which we have learned a lot. More importantly, we have got rid of many bad habits and have become better students at school and better citizens in society.
新《高中英語课程标准》和近几年高考评分标准的提高对学生的书面表达能力提出了新的、更高的要求。若教师注重平时训练中存在的问题，不断改进教学方法，培养学生良好的学习方法并更新和完善学习方法，学生就一定能写出出色的妙语佳篇来。
【关键词】 书面表达 训练重点 高级词汇 语法结构 连接词
书面表达是中学英语教学的重要组成部分，是检验学生书面交际能力的一个重要途径。书面表达题作为要求考生输出所学知识的测试题，较之语法选择、完形填空、阅读理解等项目等更能直接考查学生们运用英语进行表达的能力。提高学生的书面表达能力，对全面提高学生的英语语言素质具有重要意义。新《普通高中英语课程标准》对写作技能提出了新的要求。在现代社会中，无论是用传统的纸笔还是用最先进的电子邮件传递信息，写作都是非常重要的。写作是反映学生实际语言水平的一种综合能力。因此，在高中阶段教师应重视英语写作，认真研究新教材和新课程标准，在指导和组织学生进行英语写作上下功夫，在平时教学中应有计划、有目的地去训练和提高学生的写作能力。
《英语课程标准》对九级语言技能目标——写作能力的描述如下：1. 能用英文书写摘要、报告、通知和公务信涵等；2. 能比较详细和生动地用英语描述情景、态度或情感；3. 能阐述自己的观点和评述他人的观点，文体恰当，用词准确；4. 能在写作中恰当地处理引用的资料及他人的原话；5. 能填写各种表格，写个人简历和申请书，用语基本正确、得当；6. 能做简单的笔头翻译；7. 能在以上写作过程中做到文字通顺，格式正确。同时详细列出写作技能与试题设计的要求和写作评价标准。其中测试方式：1. 短文写作（日记、小故事等）；2. 实用性写作（卡片、信件、说明、留言、填写表格等）；3. 图文信息转换（图表描述、信息解读、写配图说明）；4. 接续完成文段；5. 写电子邮件等。而对学生的作文主要从内容要点、语言使用效果、结构和连贯性、格式和语域以及与目标读者的交流五个方面进行评价。
学生进入高中阶段，老师就开始进行写作练习，经过近三年的训练。尤其是在高考前的冲刺阶段，大部分学生在时态、人称、文章要点的把握上已经不存在多大的问题，但从《英语课程标准》对学生的要求来看，学生在写作中仍存在以下问题：（1）作文内容贫乏，思路不开阔。由于思路阻塞，又懒于思索，写作时所用的词语自然是最简单、最保险的词，因此所写内容单调，平淡。有的作文空话连篇，反来复去用那么几句话，显得词穷语尽，没有实际内容，苍白无力．（2）缺少整体观念．很多学生在动笔前不审题，不构思，想一句写一句，东拼西凑，语无伦次，根本没有使作文主题与段落和句子连贯为一体的整体概念。另一方面，学生在写作时，过分注意每一句话的语法和单词拼写，而忽视了前后句子的衔接，于是所写语篇断断续续，文章主题模糊不清。（3）词汇贫乏。针对以上存在的问题，教师需要指导学生进行高效率的写作练习。
笔者最近对临近高考的学生上了一堂如何让书面表达提高档次的作文指导课，下面想结合这堂课谈谈我的体会。
首先分析2006年高考英语书面表达（江苏卷）的特点。
据报道，2008年北京奥运会将选拔约十万名志愿者为之服务。请你以“Dos and Don’ts for the 2008Olympic Volunteers”为题，用英语写一篇短文，讨论志愿者应该做什么，不应该做什么。短文应包括下表中的内容：
DosDon’ts1．待人礼貌友好1．避免不得体的言行2．坚守岗位2．不忘履行自己的职责3．介绍中国历史和文化3．不损害祖国的形象。如果你成为志愿者，你还应该做什么，不应该做什么。（内容由考生自己拟定） 注意：1.对所给要点,不要简单翻译,要有适当发挥.
2.词数120左右.短文中已写好的部分,不计入词数
范文：
Dos and Don’ts for the 2008Olympic Volunteers
It is reported that about 100 000 people will be chosen as volunteers for the 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing. What should the volunteers do and what should they not do ? Firstly,they should be polite and friendly to the athletes and visitors from all over the world, and avoid improper behaviour. Secondly, they should stick to their posts, offering good services, satisfying any reasonable needs and being ready to help those in difficulty, and never fail to do their duty. Thirdly, they should introduce the Chinese culture and history to foreigners so that they may know China better, and never say or do anything that harms the image of our motherland.
If I have the honour to be chosen as a volunteer,besides the above, I will work hard and creatively, but never be lazy. I will follow the law and discipline,but never break them.I will take the opportunity to make friends with the athletes and visitors, and help make the 2008 Olympic Games a great success.
本篇范文的主要特點：
A.运用较高级词汇:
1. be chosen as…
2. be polite and friendly to
3.stick to
4. satisfy any reasonable needs
5. be ready to
6. in difficulty
7. fail to ¡¡
8. have the honour to
9. take the opportunity to¡¡¡¡
10. avoid improper behaviour
B. 丰富的语法结构：
1.It is reported that…
2. anything that harms the image of-
3. offering … satisfying…being
4. make… a great success
C.恰当的连接词：
1. so that
2. Firstly, secondly, thirdly
3. besides
4. but
（一）高级词汇的选择和使用，不仅可以令文章鹤立鸡群，而且可以反映出作者的整体英语水平。如access, annoyed, confused, cute, essential, fascinated, participate, stuff, terrific等目前中学英语大纲里没有却又在阅读时经常碰到的单词，均可视作高级词汇。高级词汇的运用要注意以下几个原则a．多实少虚，b．短语优先， c.弃旧取新，d．避免重复
什么叫“多实少虚”？试比较下面两个句子：
(1)He is nice.
(2) He is warm-hearted.
“nice”与 “warm-heated”相比，显然没有后者具体形象。所以在描写一个人或者一件事的时候，尽量选择有实际意义的词，少用空洞意义的词。
“短语优先”原则是指用词组、习语来代替一些单词。例如：
1.A new railway is being built in my hometown.
替换为A new railway is under construction in my hometown.
2.It will be very interesting. 替换为 It will be of great interest.
3.The boy was careless on the road.
替换为 The boy was absent minded on the road.
“弃旧取新” 原则要求学生学会在写作中选择大纲上没有，但平时报刊杂志经常见到的符合英语习惯的词。例如：
We all have the same chance.如果改为We all possess the same opportunity. 效果顯然不可同日而语。试体会斜体部分被括号中的词汇代替后的效果
（1） There are more opponents.（exist）
（2） That is a difficult job. (challenging)
避免重复使用某一单词或短语。例如：I like reading while my brother (likes) is fond of watching TV.
（二）丰富的语法结构可以使文章充满生气。过于简单的句子使文章缺少逻辑性，可读性。例如
Yesterday, there was a policeman in the street. He stopped a car. The car was at the corner. It looked like a Honda. There was a boy on the sidewalk. He was riding his bicycle. The bicycle was a two-wheeler. The car nearly knocked down the boy.
请看修改后的句子：Yesterday, a policeman stopped a car—Honda at the corner of the street, because it nearly knocked down a boy who was riding a two-wheel bicycle on the sidewalk. 经过调整，文章一下子有了声色。通过这个例子，学生体会到了丰富的语法结构的重要。在平时的教学中教师要有意识地引导学生做一些句型转换练习，使学生学会灵活运用各种从句、非谓语、倒装、with结构、独立主格结构、强调句型、虚拟句型等等，可以为他们习作水平的提高增加砝码。请按括号里的要求改写下面的句子：
1． Two boys were riding bikes and talking with each other.（使用V-ing形式）
Two boys were riding bikes, ____________.
2. To his surprise, the little girl knows so many things.（使用名词性从句）
________________ is that the little girl knows so many things.
3.He came in and there was a baby in his arms.（使用with结构）
He came in, ____________.
4.He didn’t know what had happened until he had read the news in the newspaper.（使用强调句型）
_______________________he knew what had happened.
5. I hope that the whole society can care more about migrant kids. (使用强调句)
I______ hope that the whole society can care more about migrant kids.
6.You can never see a more beautiful place than that.（使用倒装句型）
_____________ a more beaytiful place than that.
7.When he spoke, he felt more and more excited.（使用the---the 句型）
__________ he spoke, __________ excited he felt.
8.Because the weather was fine, many people went to climb the hill.
（使用独立主格结构）
_______________, a large number of people went to climb the hill.
9.He walked out of the lab and many stydents followed him.（使用过去分词）
________ by many students, he walked out of the lab.
10. The weather was bad and the road was slippery, so the driver couldn’t stop the suddenly.（使用虚拟语气）
But for the bad weather and slippery, the driver could_________________.
（三）恰当的连接词是一篇文章的重要组成部分，它是判断一篇文章语言连贯流畅的不可缺少的因素。连接词的恰当使用还可使文章层次清楚，重点突出。
在平时的练习中，这样的句子司空见惯：We are good friends, we should help each other. 我们可以进行以下的修改We are good friends and we should help each other. /As we are good friends，we should help each other. / Being good friends，we should help each other.
常见的连接词如下：
表列举：for example、for instance、that is to say，at first ,first of all .firstly ,secondly ,at last ,finally for one thing ,for another,etc
表补充：besides、in addition、moreover，what’s more,meanwhile,etc
表对比：on the one hand…on the other hand, like, unlike, such as, on the contrary,while,etc
表原因：because of、thanks to、due to、owing to，etc
表结果：therefore、thus、as a result、so，etc
表转折：however、nevertheless、yet，etc ：
表时间顺序、动作过程的：at the same time, in the last twenty years, first…, then…, later…, finally…, while, afterwards, soon after ,as,when,etc.
表方位关系的：in the middle of , at the back of, on the left/ right, to the east/ west等。
表示并列关系的：and, as well as, also etc.
表示让步关系的：even if, in spite of, even though,though,although,etc.
表示总结性的：in general, in a word ,in short,to conclude、in a word、in brief、to sum up，etc.
请给下面一段文字加上恰当的连接词：
____they turned right, a car came out at a high speed turning left on the corner. _______both the boys and the driver acted quickly, it was too late.(as/though)
经过以上的点拨、分析，学生有了一定的感性认识，接下来让学生进入实战演练阶段。
《21世纪英文报》记者采访了你校“争做好学生好公民”活动，并邀请你就活动前后同学们的言行变化写一篇英语报道，同时发表你的个人看法。
活动前活动后1．上课迟到，作业拖拉1．准时到校，作业认真2．不问候老师，课后喧哗2．尊敬师长，帮助他人3．乘车插队，上车抢座3．乘车排队，上车让座学生完成任务后，笔者要求他们仔细认真检查一遍，看格式是否正确，要点是否齐全，开头结尾是否合理，有无简单的单词和语法错误，并及时改正错误。接下来要求同学互相交换习作，并讨论彼此的错误和较好的表达方式，最后选出一篇较好的习作，在全班投映并朗读。笔者通过引导学生讨论并集体修改，让学生找出习作中较好的短语、句型等闪光点。然后笔者通过投映展示范文，并让学生找出其中的高级词汇、丰富的句型结构以及恰当的连接词。
学生习作
At the beginning of the term, a campaign “to be a good student and a good citizen” was launched in our school , and great changes have taken place since then.
In the past , we were often late for school and didn’t hand in our homework in time.We didn’t greet our teachers when we meet them and after class we made loud noises. Besides, we jumped the queue for buses and scrambled for seats.
Now, We are not late for school and do our homework carefully.We have learned to respectthe elders.we now help others. We ofen wait in line for buses, offering seats to other passengers.
In my opinion, the campaingn is very important, and we learn a lot from it.
修改后：
Before the campaign, we used to be late for school and failed to hand in our homework in time.Often, we forgot to greet our teachers when meeting them and after class we made loud noises. Worse still, we jumped the queue for buses and scrambled for seats.
However, the campaign changed us a lot. We are no longer late for school and do our homework more carefully.We have learned to show respect for the elders,help others,wait in line for buses and offer seats to other passengers.
The campaingn is a very good experience, from which we have learned a lot. More importantly, we have got rid of many bad habits and have become better students at school and better citizens in society.
新《高中英語课程标准》和近几年高考评分标准的提高对学生的书面表达能力提出了新的、更高的要求。若教师注重平时训练中存在的问题，不断改进教学方法，培养学生良好的学习方法并更新和完善学习方法，学生就一定能写出出色的妙语佳篇来。