明代海运的废止是中国海洋事业发展中的一个遗憾。海运废止后,运河漕运成为漕粮运输的唯一方式,漕粮运输、运道维护等成为明清政府不得不背负的巨大包袱,其引发的黄淮水患等环境问题更是难以估算的沉重负担。弘治以后的数百年间不断有明智之士致力于海运的恢复,但在晚清黄河改道前并无太大的成效。这其中有漂溺之险、造船之费、倭寇之患、胶莱开河之劳、通敌之虑等困难的阻碍,更有来自漕官集团(漕运和河道官僚体系)和漕工(以漕为生的雇佣人员)群体的压力,也许后者才是统治者难以下定决心的关键因素。晚清黄河改道北徙破坏河运基础后,海运成为当时唯一的出路,而海运大兴的同时,又要面对来自帝国主义侵略势力的海上威胁,这仍在一定程度上对海运的维持施加了压力。 The abolition of maritime transport in the Ming Dynasty is a regret in the development of China’s maritime industry. After the abolishment of sea transport, the canal water transport became the only way for the transportation of grain crops. The transport of grain and grain and the maintenance of the canal maintenance became the huge burden that the Ming and Qing governments had to shoulder. The environmental problems caused by the Yellow River and Huai River floods were even more difficult to estimate. During the hundreds of years after Hongzhi, there were constant wise men dedicated to the restoration of shipping. However, there was not much effect until the diversion of the Yellow River in the late Qing Dynasty. Among them, there are difficulties such as drowning dangers, shipbuilding costs, pirates suffering, pimping, cracking down on enemies and other difficult obstacles. Some of them also come from such disciplines as the Cao Guan Group (watercourse and river bureaucracy) and watercourse Born hiring) groups, perhaps the latter is a key factor in the ruler’s determination. In the late Qing Dynasty, when the Yellow River diverted to the north and ruined the basis of river transport, maritime transport became the only outlet at that time. However, at the same time as seaborne prosperity, it also faced maritime threats from the imperialist aggressors. This still exerts pressure on the maintenance of maritime transport to a certain extent .