一、“借债筑路”的争论从19世纪60年代起,清政府内部形成了洋务派和顽固派两大集团。在对待铁路建设的问题上,这两大集团出现了严重的意见分歧。80年代,他们之间发生了一场“借债筑路”的大争论。从1880年至1889年止,这场争论经历了三个阶段。第一阶段是1880年—1881年。洋务派要员刘铭传首先提出了“借债筑路”的主张,从而引 First, the “Debt Road Construction” controversy From the 1860s onwards, the Qing government formed within the Westernization group and the die-hard two groups. On the issue of railway construction, there have been serious differences of opinion between the two major groups. In the 1980s, there was a big debate between them about “building roads by borrowing money.” From 1880 to 1889, the debate went through three stages. The first phase is from 1880 to 1881. Liu Mingchuan, an important member of the Westernization School, first proposed the idea of ​​“borrowing money to build a road” and thus cited