选拔和教养聪明儿童的问题可以从各种不同的科学观点来讨论。心理学的研究任务是用因素分析法澄清“禀赋”、“智力”、“才能”等概念。教育学主要是研究帮助人格的发展,即培养和促进儿童的心理能力。学校承认作业和选择的原则,并往往根据学生的特种禀赋而不根据可教性来评价学生。假如学校的训练能适合学生特别禀赋的括,学生就能从抽象的逻辑思维训练中得益不少。中等能力的学生一旦有机会发展他们的智能,就能成为杰出人才。这类学生在学校里占大多数,所以学校不得不照顾他们。所以凡是有助于促进儿童的教育也有助于发展他们的禀赋。可教性对心理成就和对先天智力同样重要。可教性是一切向上发展的基本条件。每一种“智力的基本功能”都是可教的。这些功能的有效能力在很大程度上依赖个人教育活动的可教程度。遗传的基本智力也是可教的,因为弹性和可塑性也是它的基本特征。这种基本智力对个人的每一个心理作业起持久潜能的推动影响。在动荡不安的岁月里,许多学术家不得不学会一种手艺。生存竞争使得他们要适应环境,从理论型的思维转到实际型的思维。禀赋是一个相对的概念;要评定这一概念,必须注意个人的发展方面和教育机会。个人禀赋同个人教育之间的结构关系十分密切,以致每个教育过程都会大大的影响个人先天的倾向的型式、作业和形成。学校应注意培养学生不同的能力。学校对每一个正常的聪明儿童都应当给予最好的训练方法,和发展特殊天资的机会。一个儿童的可教性是由他的先天禀赋同教育之间的结构关系,由他的接受教育价值的能力同学校给予他的教育帮助之间的关系为其特征的。充分发挥可教性能培养儿童的特殊禀赋。 The issue of selecting and rearing smart children can be discussed from a variety of scientific perspectives. Psychological research task is to use factor analysis to clarify the “endowment”, “intelligence”, “talent” and other concepts. Pedagogy is mainly about helping the development of personality, that is, cultivating and promoting children’s psychological ability. Schools recognize the principles of homework and choice and often evaluate students based on their special endowments rather than on the basis of enlightenment. If the school training can be adapted to the special endowment of students, students can benefit from the abstract logical thinking training. Middle-ability students become outstanding people when they have the opportunity to develop their intelligence. Such students make up the majority of schools, so schools have to take care of them. So anything that helps to promote children’s education also helps to develop their endowments. Educability is equally important to mental achievement and innate intelligence. Pedagability is the basic condition for all upward development. Every kind of “basic function of intelligence” is teachable. The effective ability of these functions depends to a large extent on the degree of personal education activities can be taught. The basic intelligence of inheritance is also teachable, because elasticity and plasticity are also its basic characteristics. This basic intelligence has a long-term, potential impact on every individual’s mental task. In turbulent years, many academics have to learn a craft. Survival competition allows them to adapt to the environment, from the theoretical thinking to practical thinking. Endowment is a relative concept; to assess this concept, one must pay attention to the individual’s developmental aspects and educational opportunities. The structural relationship between personal endowment and individual education is very close, so that each educational process will greatly influence the type, operation and formation of personal inborn tendencies. Schools should pay attention to develop students’ different abilities. The school should give every normal smart child the best training method and the opportunity to develop special gifts. The pedagogical character of a child is characterized by the structural relationship between his innate endowment and education, the relationship between his ability to receive educational value and the educational assistance his school gives him. Give full play to the special endowment that can teach children to cultivate.