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在论述敦煌石窟的构造时,一般把北朝时代的所谓早期洞窟分为两种类型。第一种类型,洞窟平面呈长方形,中央建有方柱。在方柱周围与四壁之间,有可以环行的绕道,方柱四面开龛,龛内塑像。天井后部为平顶,前部入口处为横向人字形顶(又称人字披顶)。此类洞窟有北魏的第246、248、251、254、257、260、263、428、431、435、437诸窟,西魏的第288、432窟和北周的第290,428窟等。第二种类型,洞窟平面系正方型,后壁开大佛龛,窟顶为中央方形藻井。四披梯形斜面的截头方锥形覆斗顶。北凉第272窟和西魏第249、285窟即属这种类型。其中第285窟两侧壁各增设了四个小禅室。隋代第282窟是平面呈方形的正龛窟,天井前部为平顶,后部乃人字形顶。这可说是上述两种形式的复合型。
When discussing the structure of Dunhuang Grottoes, the so-called early caves in the Northern Dynasties are generally divided into two types. The first type, a rectangular cave-shaped plane, the central square column. Around the square column and the four walls, there can be around the roundabout, square open shelter on all sides, niche statues. Patio back to the top flat, the front entrance to the horizontal herringbone top (also known as the word Piaoying). Such caves have the Northern Wei 246,248,251,254,257,260,263,428,431,435,437 caves, the Western Wei 288,432 Grottoes and the Northern Zhou Dynasty 290,428 caves and so on. The second type, the square of the cave is a square, open the big niche at the back of the wall, and the top of the cave is the central square caisson. Four Phi ladder trapezoidal frustum cone-shaped top. North Liang Cave 272 and Western Wei 249,285 Cave that is of this type. One of the 285th Cave on both sides of the wall each additional four small Zen room. The 282th Sui Dynasty is a square square is the niche, the front of the flat roof, the rear is the herringbone top. This can be said that the above two forms of compound.