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从进化的观点看,人类的道德有其自然史的基础。进化生物学的研究表明,社群动物中普遍存在着一种基于总适合度的先天利它现象,即本能的善。而人类在其长期的文化进化过程中由于突破了基于总适合度的先天利它性的界限,才产生了真正意义上的善。正是在这个意义上,人类相对于动物成为一个“道德的物种”。人类进化的历史表明,道德扩展是一个不断扩大着的圈子,而每一次这样的扩展,都是人类道德的一次自我超越。
From an evolutionary point of view, human morality has the foundation of its natural history. Studies in evolutionary biology have shown that there is a widespread prevalence of innate altruism in community animals based on total fitness, that is, instinctual goodness. In the long process of cultural evolution, mankind has produced true goodness by breaking the limit of innate altruism based on total fitness. It is in this sense that man becomes a “moral species” relative to an animal. The history of human evolution shows that moral expansion is an ever-expanding circle, and every such expansion is a self-transcendence of human morality.