论文部分内容阅读
[摘要]目的:探索改良Gillies扇形全厚组织瓣在下唇中重度缺损修复与功能重建中的应用,规范手术设计与方法,总结临床矫治经验。方法:对2008年1月-2019年12月笔者科室收治的15例下唇中重度缺损患者采用改良Gillies扇形全厚组织瓣进行修复与重建,提出了获得性唇缺损畸形的分类,规范了手术设计与手术方法。结果:15例中重度下唇缺损的患者,用单侧改良Gillies扇形全厚组织瓣修复唇缺损12例,双侧改良Gillies扇形全厚组织瓣修复唇缺损3例,重建了口轮匝肌的连续性,获得了理想的唇外形及功能。结论:改良Gillies扇形全厚组织瓣手术设计与手术方法规范,临床病例证实改良Gillies扇形全厚组织瓣修复下唇中重度缺损,能获得良好的唇外形及运动功能,有重要的临床应用价值。
[关键词]唇缺损;改良扇形组织瓣;修复;功能性重建
[中图分类号]R782.2+5 [文献标志码]A [文章编号]1008-6455(2021)05-0066-04
Application of Modified Gillies Fan Flap in Repair and Functional Reconstruction of Moderate-severe Full-thickness Lower Lip Defects
ZOU Xuan, LU Rong-jian, CHU Xiao-yang,YANG Li-li,YU Kai-tao
(Department of Stomatology, the Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100071,China)
Abstract: Objective To explore the application of the modified Gillies full-thickness fan flap technique for the repair and functional reconstruction of moderate-severe lower lip defects, and to regulate the surgical design and methods as well as to summarize the experience of clinical correction. Methods From January 2008 to December 2019, a total of 15 cases with moderate-severe lower lip defects receiving repair and reconstruction with modified Gillies full-thickness fan flaps were included in this study. The classification of acquired lip defects and deformities was proposed, and the surgical design and methods were regulated. Results Among the 15 cases with moderate-severe lower lip defects, repair using unilateral modified Gillies full-thickness fan flap was performed in 12 cases, and bilateral modified Gillies full-thickness fan flap was performed in three cases. The continuity of the orbicularis oris muscles was restored, and ideal lip appearance and functions were obtained. Conclusion The surgical design and methods for modified Gillies full-thickness fan flap were regulated. The clinical cases confirm that treatment of moderate-severe lip defects with modified Gillies full-thickness fan flap tends to achieve good lip appearance and motor functions, which is of significant value for clinical application.
Key words:lip defect; modified fan flap;repair;functional reconstruction
唇是口腔的重要組成部分,不仅与语言、咀嚼及吞咽有关,而且与面容、美观及情感的表达有着密切关系。唇缺损畸形可分为先天性缺损畸形和获得性缺损畸形,后者在临床上常因肿瘤切除[1-4]、外伤[5-8]、烧伤[9-10]、特异性炎症[11-14]等因素所致,唇缺损畸形不仅影响到患者的面容及功能,而且还常致患者严重的心理障碍。
唇缺损的修复方法可分为三类:①直接关闭缺损;②局部皮瓣修复;③远位皮瓣重建。自19世纪中叶以来,下唇缺损重建方法文献报道超过200种[15]。就中、重度下唇全厚缺损的修复与重建方式主要有:Abbe-Estlander 瓣[16-18]、扇形瓣[19-20]、Karapanzic瓣[4,21-22]、Bernard瓣[15,23]、stepladder瓣[24-25],以及游离皮瓣,如:前臂皮瓣[26-27],股薄肌皮瓣[28-29]等方法,但这些修复与重建方法的选择,与患者唇缺损的程度及术者的临床经验有密切关系。 下唇中、重度全厚缺损后,下唇可利用组织不多,要重建正常的口裂、明显的唇红、自然的唇红缘及口轮匝肌的连续性是极其困难的。根据笔者的临床经验,尽可能地利用剩余唇组织重建下唇,恢复口轮匝肌的连续性,才能使外形与功能缺陷最小化。由于Gillies扇形组织瓣有着较大唇及颊部组织的转移,不需切除其他正常组织,并可重建口轮匝肌的连续性,恢复下唇良好的外形及运动功能。因此,笔者对Gillies扇形组织瓣进行了改良,规范了手术设计与手术方法。自2008年以来,共收治15例下唇中、重度全厚缺损患者,取得了良好效果,现报道如下。
1 资料和方法
1.1 临床资料:选择2008年1月-2019年12月笔者科室收治的下唇中、重度全厚缺损患者15例,其中男11例,女4例,年龄35~72岁,病程10个月~18年,其中唇癌切除致下唇缺损同期修复11例,外伤致下唇缺损4例。唇缺损1/3~2/3有12例,大于2/3 有3例。
1.2 获得性唇缺损畸形分类:根据唇缺损大小程度分为Ⅳ类:Ⅰ类(轻度):上唇或下唇缺损小于或等于1/3;Ⅱ类(中度):上唇或下唇缺损大于1/3,小于或等于2/3;Ⅲ类(重度):上唇或下唇缺损大于2/3至全上唇或全下唇缺损;Ⅳ类(复杂性缺损):上下唇均有缺损,或上唇或下唇缺损伴有邻近区域硬或软组织缺损。
1.3 改良Gillies扇形全厚组织瓣适应证:下唇1/3以上的全厚组织矩形缺损,其余唇颊组织正常的患者均为适应证。单侧改良Gillies扇形全厚组织瓣可适用不超过2/3下唇缺损, 双侧改良Gillies扇形全厚组织瓣适用于2/3以上至全下唇全厚组织缺损的修复与重建。
1.4 改良Gillies扇形全厚组织瓣手术定点设计:A点:下唇唇红缘病变外侧5~10mm或缺损处;B点:对侧下唇唇红缘病变外侧5~10mm或缺损处;C点:改良Gillies扇形全厚组织瓣口角外缘处;D点:确定的是上唇补偿下唇缺损的宽度, 即口角至上唇唇红缘切开处宽度, 单侧改良Gillies扇形全厚组织瓣:(上唇宽度-下唇存留宽度)/2,此点定于上唇唇红缘处;双侧改良Gillies扇形全厚组织瓣:(上唇宽度-下唇存留宽度)/4,为双侧蒂部的宽度;E点:下唇病变或缺损的高度,即肿瘤切除下唇唇红缘A点垂直向下10mm处,或外伤缺损的最低点;F点:对侧下唇病变或缺损的高度,即肿瘤切除下唇唇红缘B点垂直向下10mm处,或外伤缺损的最低点;G点:改良Gillies扇形全厚组织瓣侧口角水平向外侧颊部延伸, 口角C点至G点的长度即下唇缺损的高度;H点:以D点为圆心,以A~E长度加3~5mm为半径画弧,以G点为圆心,以C~D长度加5~10mm为半径画弧,两弧向上交叉于H点;I点:为改良Gillies扇形全厚组织瓣蒂宽点,在D-H点连线在D点上3~5mm处。见图1。
1.5 改良Gillies扇形全厚组织瓣手术修复方法
1.5.1 行唇癌A-E-F-B点连线全厚下唇矩形切除,或外伤、感染致唇组织缺损瘢痕进行松解,使剩余唇组织复位。
1.5.2 若外伤、感染致唇组织缺损在进行瘢痕松解、唇组织复位的同时,还要从缺损边缘唇侧处剖开缺损边缘,使其成为口腔黏膜的一部分。
1.5.3 沿I-H-G-E连线全层切开皮肤、皮下组织、肌层及口腔黏膜,形成改良Gillies扇形全厚组织瓣。
1.5.4 旋转I-H-G-E改良Gillies扇形全厚组织瓣180°。
1.5.5 分层对位缝合口腔黏膜、肌层及皮肤,将皮肤I点切开处与G点对位缝合,此作为新形成口角的基点,同时应注意缝合时避免缝扎唇动脉,从内至外,分层对位逐层缝合,再A点与B点、E点与F点从内至外,分层对位逐层拉拢缝合,并对齐唇红缘。有时需在E点与F点外延线上做一松弛切口,再逐層对位缝合。
1.5.6 唇癌患者如疑有颌下、颏下、颈深上淋巴结转移者,需行相应侧或双侧肩胛舌骨上淋巴清扫术,并术后放疗。
2 结果
15例下唇缺损患者,用改良Gillies扇形全厚组织瓣修复唇缺损12例,双侧改良Gillies扇形全厚组织瓣修复唇缺损3例,其中小口畸形需进行二期口角开大术4例。患者术后伤口一期愈合,病愈出院。患者唇外形自然,有明显的口角、唇红、唇红缘,皮肤颜色一致,唇运动功能自如。
3 讨论
理想的唇缺损重建标准是追求美观与功能的统一:即上下唇的完整性,口轮匝肌的连续性,上下唇的协调性,左右口角的对称性,运动感觉功能的可复性。改良Gillies扇形全厚组织瓣追求的是上述原则,本文对15例中重度下唇全厚缺损患者的临床应用,取得了良好的临床效果,是由于有着良好的解剖学基础及关注术中注意事项。具体如下:
3.1 唇组织血供丰富:唇组织血供主要来源于颌外动脉的分支,位于唇红缘内侧黏膜下的唇动脉,上、下唇动脉在平唇红缘处形成冠状动脉环,距黏膜近而距皮肤较远。由于上、下唇动脉是围绕唇弓的轴性动脉,其间吻合支丰富,为改良Gillies扇形全厚组织瓣提供良好的血供,可在转位180?后不致缺血坏死,而供中、重度唇缺损的修复与重建,可恢复下唇的自然外形。
3.2 唇颊组织良好的延展性:从唇、颊组织解剖层次来看, 唇可分为5层:皮肤、浅筋膜、肌层、黏膜下层及黏膜。颊可分为6层:皮肤、皮下组织、颊筋膜、颊肌、黏膜下层及黏膜。由于唇、颊两组织解剖层次的相近,颊肌肌纤维向前参入口轮匝肌中,使瓣的厚薄也基本相近,对修复后的形态变化影响较小。又因面部表情肌纤细,伸缩性较好,因此,使改良Gillies扇形全厚组织瓣更富弹性与延展性,可修复较大的唇组织缺损,重建自然的口角、唇红、唇红缘与唇颊沟。还可利用存留正常的口轮匝肌重建口轮匝肌的连续性,有利于恢复唇的运动功能。 3.3 可提供较大的全厚组织瓣:本研究表明以唇动脉为蒂单侧改良Gillies扇形全厚組织瓣,可修复2/3下唇缺损,双侧改良Gillies扇形全厚组织瓣可进行全下唇缺损的再造。
3.4 蒂部旋转角度大:改良Gillies扇形全厚组织瓣旋转较灵活,可旋转180?,从上唇转移至下唇不会导致缺血坏死,但是在切开和缝合时均应注意唇动脉不要被切断和缝扎。
3.5 重建了口轮匝肌的连续性,改善了唇运动功能:上唇在I点处切开,尽可能少切断口轮匝肌,下唇缺损处口轮匝肌端-端对位缝合,重建了口轮匝肌的连续性,也就恢复了口轮匝肌的运动功能。
3.6 重建的唇外形美观、肤色自然:上、下唇及颊部彼此相邻,皮肤色泽大致相近,皮瓣转移重建后,两者色泽基本相近,使患者唇缺损修复后更接近于自然。由于重建了正常的口轮匝肌及口角,红唇及口角的外形接近于自然。因而术后患者的面容及下唇功能恢复正常,改善了患者的语言、发音与进食功能,同时也消除了患者的心理障碍,重建了生活的信心,提高了生活质量。
3.7 改良Gillies扇形全厚组织瓣重建下唇的手术注意事项:①定点设计:肿瘤切除边界点应遵循肿瘤外科原则,定点设计在距肿瘤边界5~10mm处。外伤或感染创口应设计在创口边缘处。D点至同侧口角C点长度是上唇补充下唇的宽度,它也决定上下唇的协调性,修复后下唇的宽带要略小于上唇,方才美观自然;②蒂宽:蒂部切开时终止于唇红缘外上方3~5mm I点处,此点决定了改良Gillies扇形全厚组织瓣的蒂部宽度,此设计既保留口轮匝肌的完整性,也有益于瓣的血供。但如蒂太宽,瓣旋转修复后,口角的成形不美观,易出现口角圆钝与小口畸形;蒂的宽度在3~5mm时,口角的成形较自然,由于唇良好的弹性与延展性,又可以拉口角向外侧,有扩大口裂的作用;③唇动脉的保护:唇动脉保护的重要性是不言而喻的,关键是在切开与缝合时一定要注意,否则,会导致改良Gillies扇形全厚组织瓣坏死;④前庭沟处唇侧黏膜的保留与缺损部位黏膜再造:外伤或感染所致的唇缺损患者,瓣成形时黏膜切口应偏前庭沟外侧,在缺损处唇侧边缘切开,向里翻瓣,作为口腔黏膜的一部分,便于瓣的缝合与口腔前庭沟的成形;⑤唇残端松解复位:外伤或感染所致的唇缺损边缘不整齐,唇残端移位,此时应松解唇残端,使唇组织复位,最大限度地保留唇组织,重建唇良好的外形与功能。如对侧张力过大,应行对侧唇组织瓣水平松弛切口;⑥口角点的确定与缝合:G点是口角水平向外侧颊部的延伸,也是口角的成形点,对唇的形态及口角的高低有很大影响。根据唇缺损的垂直高度,在口角水平线外侧颊部明确定出口角点G,缝合时I点与G点尽可能重叠,否则,患侧口角会高于正常侧口角;⑦二期口角开大术:术后小口畸形,或唇组织超过2/3以上的缺损修复后一般需行二期口角开大术。
[参考文献]
[1]Coutinho I,Ramos L,Gameiro AR,et al.Lower lip reconstruction with nasolabial flap-going back to basics [J].An Bras Dermatol,2015,90(3): 206-208.
[2]Uchikawa Y,Yazawa M,Takayama M,et al.Wing flap reconstruction for large defects of the lower lip[J].J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg,2012,65(12):1725-1728.
[3]Closmann JJ, Pogrel MA,Schmidt BL.Reconstruction of perioral defects following resection for oral squamous cell carcinoma[J].J Oral Maxillofac Surg,2006,64(3):367-374.
[4]Ye WM,Hu JZ,Zhu HG,et al.Application of modified Karapandzic flaps in large lower lip defect reconstruction[J].J Oral Maxillofac Surg,2014,72(10):2077-2082.
[5]Langstein HN, Robb GL.Lip and perioral reconstruction[J].Clin Plast Surg,2005,32(3):431-445.
[6]Neligan PC.Strategies in lip reconstruction[J].Clin Plast Surg,2009,36(3):477-485.
[7]Kesting MR,Holzle F,Poxb C,et al.Animal bite injuries to the head: 132 cases[J].Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg,2006,44(3):235-239.
[8]Donkor P,Bankas DO.A study of primary closure of human bite injuries to the face[J].J Oral Maxillofac Surg,1997,55(3):479-481.
[9]Cowan D,Ho B, Sykes KJ,et al. Pediatric oral burns: A ten-year review of patient characteristics, etiologies and treatment outcomes[J].Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol,2013,77(8):1325-1328. [10]Hassanpour S,Shariati SM. Simultaneous reconstruction of upper and lower lip beside chin and nasal lobule: In a case of facial chemical burn[J].Burns,2007,33(4):522-525.
[11]Bello SA.Gillies fan flap for the reconstruction of an upper lip defect caused by noma: case presentation[J].Clin Cosmet Investig Dent,2012,4(1):17-20.
[12]Marck KW.Cancrum oris and noma:some etymological and historical remarks[J].Br J Plast Surg,2003,56(6):524-527.
[13]Chidzonga MM, Mahomva L.Noma (cancrum oris) in human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV and AIDS): clinical experience in Zimbabwe[J].J Oral Maxillofac Surg,2008,66(3):475-485.
[14]Behanan AG,Auluck A,Pai KL.Cancrum oris[J].Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg,2004,42(3):267-269.
[15]Unsal Tuna EE, Cem Ozbek OO, Ozdem C. Functional and aesthetic results obtained by modified Bernard reconstruction technique after tumour excision in lower lip cancers[J].J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg,2010,63(6):981-987.
[16]Alvarez GS,Siqueira EJ,de Oliveira MP.A new technique for reconstruction of lower-lip and labial commissure defects: a proposal for the association of Abbe-Estlander and vermilion myomucosal flap techniques[J].Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol,2013,115(6):724-730.
[17]Spink MJ,Hirsch DL,Dierks EJ.Minimizing microstomia while maximizing esthetics in the reconstruction of acquired lip defects: the evolution of the bilateral paramedian cross-lip flap[J].J Oral Maxillofac Surg,2008,66(12):2627-2632.
[18] Yamauchi M,Yotsuyanagi T, Ezoe K,et al. Estlander flap combined with an extended upper lip flap technique for large defects of lower lip with oral commissure[J]. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg,2009,62(8):997-1003.
[19]Nakajima T,Yoshimura Y, Kami T. Reconstruction of the lower lip with a fan-shaped flap based on the facial artery[J].Br J Plast Surg,1984,37(1): 52-54.
[20]Gonzalez A, Etchichury D. Reconstruction of large defects of the lower lip after mohs surgery: the use of combined karapandzic and abbe flaps[J]. Ann Plast Surg,2018,81(4):433-437.
[21]Ethunandan M,Macpherson DW,Santhanam V.Karapandzic flap for reconstruction of lip defects[J].J Oral Maxillofac Surg,2007,65(12):2512-2517.
[22]Sun G,Lu MX,Hu QG.Reconstruction of extensive lip and perioral defects after tumor excision[J].J Cranionfac Surg,2013,24(2):360-362.
[23]Salgarelli AC,Sartorelli F,Cangiano A,et al. Treatment of lower lip cancer: an experience of 48 cases[J]. In J Oral Maxillofac Surg,2005,34(1): 27-32. [24]Salgarelli AC,Persia M,Ciancio P,et al. The staircase technique for treatment of cancer of the lower lip: a report of 36 cases[J].J Oral Maxillofac Surg,2001,59(4):399-402.
[25]Kuttenberger JJ,Hardt N.Results of a modified staircase technique for reconstruction of the lower lip[J].J Craniomaxillofac Surg,1997,25(5):239-244.
[26]Fernandes R,Clemow J.Outcomes of total or near-total lip reconstruction with microvascular tissue transfer[J].J Oral Maxillofac Surg,2012,70(12):2899-2906.
[27]Ueda K,Oba S,Ohtani K,et al. Functional lower lip reconstruction with a forearm flap combined with a free gracilis muscle transfer[J].J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg,2006,59(8):867-870.
[28]Lengele BG,Testelin S,Bayet B,et al.Total lower lip functional reconstruction with a prefabricated gracilis muscle free flap[J].Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg,2004,33(4):396-401.
[29]Ueda K,Oba S,Nakai K,et al.Functional reconstruction of the upper and lower lips and commissure with a forearm flap combined with a free gracilis muscle transfer[J].J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg,2009,62(10):337-340.
[收稿日期]2020-09-17
本文引用格式:鄒璇,路荣建,初晓阳,等.改良Gillies扇形组织瓣在下唇中重度全厚缺损修复与功能重建中的应用[J].中国美容医学,2021,30(5):66-70.
[关键词]唇缺损;改良扇形组织瓣;修复;功能性重建
[中图分类号]R782.2+5 [文献标志码]A [文章编号]1008-6455(2021)05-0066-04
Application of Modified Gillies Fan Flap in Repair and Functional Reconstruction of Moderate-severe Full-thickness Lower Lip Defects
ZOU Xuan, LU Rong-jian, CHU Xiao-yang,YANG Li-li,YU Kai-tao
(Department of Stomatology, the Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100071,China)
Abstract: Objective To explore the application of the modified Gillies full-thickness fan flap technique for the repair and functional reconstruction of moderate-severe lower lip defects, and to regulate the surgical design and methods as well as to summarize the experience of clinical correction. Methods From January 2008 to December 2019, a total of 15 cases with moderate-severe lower lip defects receiving repair and reconstruction with modified Gillies full-thickness fan flaps were included in this study. The classification of acquired lip defects and deformities was proposed, and the surgical design and methods were regulated. Results Among the 15 cases with moderate-severe lower lip defects, repair using unilateral modified Gillies full-thickness fan flap was performed in 12 cases, and bilateral modified Gillies full-thickness fan flap was performed in three cases. The continuity of the orbicularis oris muscles was restored, and ideal lip appearance and functions were obtained. Conclusion The surgical design and methods for modified Gillies full-thickness fan flap were regulated. The clinical cases confirm that treatment of moderate-severe lip defects with modified Gillies full-thickness fan flap tends to achieve good lip appearance and motor functions, which is of significant value for clinical application.
Key words:lip defect; modified fan flap;repair;functional reconstruction
唇是口腔的重要組成部分,不仅与语言、咀嚼及吞咽有关,而且与面容、美观及情感的表达有着密切关系。唇缺损畸形可分为先天性缺损畸形和获得性缺损畸形,后者在临床上常因肿瘤切除[1-4]、外伤[5-8]、烧伤[9-10]、特异性炎症[11-14]等因素所致,唇缺损畸形不仅影响到患者的面容及功能,而且还常致患者严重的心理障碍。
唇缺损的修复方法可分为三类:①直接关闭缺损;②局部皮瓣修复;③远位皮瓣重建。自19世纪中叶以来,下唇缺损重建方法文献报道超过200种[15]。就中、重度下唇全厚缺损的修复与重建方式主要有:Abbe-Estlander 瓣[16-18]、扇形瓣[19-20]、Karapanzic瓣[4,21-22]、Bernard瓣[15,23]、stepladder瓣[24-25],以及游离皮瓣,如:前臂皮瓣[26-27],股薄肌皮瓣[28-29]等方法,但这些修复与重建方法的选择,与患者唇缺损的程度及术者的临床经验有密切关系。 下唇中、重度全厚缺损后,下唇可利用组织不多,要重建正常的口裂、明显的唇红、自然的唇红缘及口轮匝肌的连续性是极其困难的。根据笔者的临床经验,尽可能地利用剩余唇组织重建下唇,恢复口轮匝肌的连续性,才能使外形与功能缺陷最小化。由于Gillies扇形组织瓣有着较大唇及颊部组织的转移,不需切除其他正常组织,并可重建口轮匝肌的连续性,恢复下唇良好的外形及运动功能。因此,笔者对Gillies扇形组织瓣进行了改良,规范了手术设计与手术方法。自2008年以来,共收治15例下唇中、重度全厚缺损患者,取得了良好效果,现报道如下。
1 资料和方法
1.1 临床资料:选择2008年1月-2019年12月笔者科室收治的下唇中、重度全厚缺损患者15例,其中男11例,女4例,年龄35~72岁,病程10个月~18年,其中唇癌切除致下唇缺损同期修复11例,外伤致下唇缺损4例。唇缺损1/3~2/3有12例,大于2/3 有3例。
1.2 获得性唇缺损畸形分类:根据唇缺损大小程度分为Ⅳ类:Ⅰ类(轻度):上唇或下唇缺损小于或等于1/3;Ⅱ类(中度):上唇或下唇缺损大于1/3,小于或等于2/3;Ⅲ类(重度):上唇或下唇缺损大于2/3至全上唇或全下唇缺损;Ⅳ类(复杂性缺损):上下唇均有缺损,或上唇或下唇缺损伴有邻近区域硬或软组织缺损。
1.3 改良Gillies扇形全厚组织瓣适应证:下唇1/3以上的全厚组织矩形缺损,其余唇颊组织正常的患者均为适应证。单侧改良Gillies扇形全厚组织瓣可适用不超过2/3下唇缺损, 双侧改良Gillies扇形全厚组织瓣适用于2/3以上至全下唇全厚组织缺损的修复与重建。
1.4 改良Gillies扇形全厚组织瓣手术定点设计:A点:下唇唇红缘病变外侧5~10mm或缺损处;B点:对侧下唇唇红缘病变外侧5~10mm或缺损处;C点:改良Gillies扇形全厚组织瓣口角外缘处;D点:确定的是上唇补偿下唇缺损的宽度, 即口角至上唇唇红缘切开处宽度, 单侧改良Gillies扇形全厚组织瓣:(上唇宽度-下唇存留宽度)/2,此点定于上唇唇红缘处;双侧改良Gillies扇形全厚组织瓣:(上唇宽度-下唇存留宽度)/4,为双侧蒂部的宽度;E点:下唇病变或缺损的高度,即肿瘤切除下唇唇红缘A点垂直向下10mm处,或外伤缺损的最低点;F点:对侧下唇病变或缺损的高度,即肿瘤切除下唇唇红缘B点垂直向下10mm处,或外伤缺损的最低点;G点:改良Gillies扇形全厚组织瓣侧口角水平向外侧颊部延伸, 口角C点至G点的长度即下唇缺损的高度;H点:以D点为圆心,以A~E长度加3~5mm为半径画弧,以G点为圆心,以C~D长度加5~10mm为半径画弧,两弧向上交叉于H点;I点:为改良Gillies扇形全厚组织瓣蒂宽点,在D-H点连线在D点上3~5mm处。见图1。
1.5 改良Gillies扇形全厚组织瓣手术修复方法
1.5.1 行唇癌A-E-F-B点连线全厚下唇矩形切除,或外伤、感染致唇组织缺损瘢痕进行松解,使剩余唇组织复位。
1.5.2 若外伤、感染致唇组织缺损在进行瘢痕松解、唇组织复位的同时,还要从缺损边缘唇侧处剖开缺损边缘,使其成为口腔黏膜的一部分。
1.5.3 沿I-H-G-E连线全层切开皮肤、皮下组织、肌层及口腔黏膜,形成改良Gillies扇形全厚组织瓣。
1.5.4 旋转I-H-G-E改良Gillies扇形全厚组织瓣180°。
1.5.5 分层对位缝合口腔黏膜、肌层及皮肤,将皮肤I点切开处与G点对位缝合,此作为新形成口角的基点,同时应注意缝合时避免缝扎唇动脉,从内至外,分层对位逐层缝合,再A点与B点、E点与F点从内至外,分层对位逐层拉拢缝合,并对齐唇红缘。有时需在E点与F点外延线上做一松弛切口,再逐層对位缝合。
1.5.6 唇癌患者如疑有颌下、颏下、颈深上淋巴结转移者,需行相应侧或双侧肩胛舌骨上淋巴清扫术,并术后放疗。
2 结果
15例下唇缺损患者,用改良Gillies扇形全厚组织瓣修复唇缺损12例,双侧改良Gillies扇形全厚组织瓣修复唇缺损3例,其中小口畸形需进行二期口角开大术4例。患者术后伤口一期愈合,病愈出院。患者唇外形自然,有明显的口角、唇红、唇红缘,皮肤颜色一致,唇运动功能自如。
3 讨论
理想的唇缺损重建标准是追求美观与功能的统一:即上下唇的完整性,口轮匝肌的连续性,上下唇的协调性,左右口角的对称性,运动感觉功能的可复性。改良Gillies扇形全厚组织瓣追求的是上述原则,本文对15例中重度下唇全厚缺损患者的临床应用,取得了良好的临床效果,是由于有着良好的解剖学基础及关注术中注意事项。具体如下:
3.1 唇组织血供丰富:唇组织血供主要来源于颌外动脉的分支,位于唇红缘内侧黏膜下的唇动脉,上、下唇动脉在平唇红缘处形成冠状动脉环,距黏膜近而距皮肤较远。由于上、下唇动脉是围绕唇弓的轴性动脉,其间吻合支丰富,为改良Gillies扇形全厚组织瓣提供良好的血供,可在转位180?后不致缺血坏死,而供中、重度唇缺损的修复与重建,可恢复下唇的自然外形。
3.2 唇颊组织良好的延展性:从唇、颊组织解剖层次来看, 唇可分为5层:皮肤、浅筋膜、肌层、黏膜下层及黏膜。颊可分为6层:皮肤、皮下组织、颊筋膜、颊肌、黏膜下层及黏膜。由于唇、颊两组织解剖层次的相近,颊肌肌纤维向前参入口轮匝肌中,使瓣的厚薄也基本相近,对修复后的形态变化影响较小。又因面部表情肌纤细,伸缩性较好,因此,使改良Gillies扇形全厚组织瓣更富弹性与延展性,可修复较大的唇组织缺损,重建自然的口角、唇红、唇红缘与唇颊沟。还可利用存留正常的口轮匝肌重建口轮匝肌的连续性,有利于恢复唇的运动功能。 3.3 可提供较大的全厚组织瓣:本研究表明以唇动脉为蒂单侧改良Gillies扇形全厚組织瓣,可修复2/3下唇缺损,双侧改良Gillies扇形全厚组织瓣可进行全下唇缺损的再造。
3.4 蒂部旋转角度大:改良Gillies扇形全厚组织瓣旋转较灵活,可旋转180?,从上唇转移至下唇不会导致缺血坏死,但是在切开和缝合时均应注意唇动脉不要被切断和缝扎。
3.5 重建了口轮匝肌的连续性,改善了唇运动功能:上唇在I点处切开,尽可能少切断口轮匝肌,下唇缺损处口轮匝肌端-端对位缝合,重建了口轮匝肌的连续性,也就恢复了口轮匝肌的运动功能。
3.6 重建的唇外形美观、肤色自然:上、下唇及颊部彼此相邻,皮肤色泽大致相近,皮瓣转移重建后,两者色泽基本相近,使患者唇缺损修复后更接近于自然。由于重建了正常的口轮匝肌及口角,红唇及口角的外形接近于自然。因而术后患者的面容及下唇功能恢复正常,改善了患者的语言、发音与进食功能,同时也消除了患者的心理障碍,重建了生活的信心,提高了生活质量。
3.7 改良Gillies扇形全厚组织瓣重建下唇的手术注意事项:①定点设计:肿瘤切除边界点应遵循肿瘤外科原则,定点设计在距肿瘤边界5~10mm处。外伤或感染创口应设计在创口边缘处。D点至同侧口角C点长度是上唇补充下唇的宽度,它也决定上下唇的协调性,修复后下唇的宽带要略小于上唇,方才美观自然;②蒂宽:蒂部切开时终止于唇红缘外上方3~5mm I点处,此点决定了改良Gillies扇形全厚组织瓣的蒂部宽度,此设计既保留口轮匝肌的完整性,也有益于瓣的血供。但如蒂太宽,瓣旋转修复后,口角的成形不美观,易出现口角圆钝与小口畸形;蒂的宽度在3~5mm时,口角的成形较自然,由于唇良好的弹性与延展性,又可以拉口角向外侧,有扩大口裂的作用;③唇动脉的保护:唇动脉保护的重要性是不言而喻的,关键是在切开与缝合时一定要注意,否则,会导致改良Gillies扇形全厚组织瓣坏死;④前庭沟处唇侧黏膜的保留与缺损部位黏膜再造:外伤或感染所致的唇缺损患者,瓣成形时黏膜切口应偏前庭沟外侧,在缺损处唇侧边缘切开,向里翻瓣,作为口腔黏膜的一部分,便于瓣的缝合与口腔前庭沟的成形;⑤唇残端松解复位:外伤或感染所致的唇缺损边缘不整齐,唇残端移位,此时应松解唇残端,使唇组织复位,最大限度地保留唇组织,重建唇良好的外形与功能。如对侧张力过大,应行对侧唇组织瓣水平松弛切口;⑥口角点的确定与缝合:G点是口角水平向外侧颊部的延伸,也是口角的成形点,对唇的形态及口角的高低有很大影响。根据唇缺损的垂直高度,在口角水平线外侧颊部明确定出口角点G,缝合时I点与G点尽可能重叠,否则,患侧口角会高于正常侧口角;⑦二期口角开大术:术后小口畸形,或唇组织超过2/3以上的缺损修复后一般需行二期口角开大术。
[参考文献]
[1]Coutinho I,Ramos L,Gameiro AR,et al.Lower lip reconstruction with nasolabial flap-going back to basics [J].An Bras Dermatol,2015,90(3): 206-208.
[2]Uchikawa Y,Yazawa M,Takayama M,et al.Wing flap reconstruction for large defects of the lower lip[J].J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg,2012,65(12):1725-1728.
[3]Closmann JJ, Pogrel MA,Schmidt BL.Reconstruction of perioral defects following resection for oral squamous cell carcinoma[J].J Oral Maxillofac Surg,2006,64(3):367-374.
[4]Ye WM,Hu JZ,Zhu HG,et al.Application of modified Karapandzic flaps in large lower lip defect reconstruction[J].J Oral Maxillofac Surg,2014,72(10):2077-2082.
[5]Langstein HN, Robb GL.Lip and perioral reconstruction[J].Clin Plast Surg,2005,32(3):431-445.
[6]Neligan PC.Strategies in lip reconstruction[J].Clin Plast Surg,2009,36(3):477-485.
[7]Kesting MR,Holzle F,Poxb C,et al.Animal bite injuries to the head: 132 cases[J].Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg,2006,44(3):235-239.
[8]Donkor P,Bankas DO.A study of primary closure of human bite injuries to the face[J].J Oral Maxillofac Surg,1997,55(3):479-481.
[9]Cowan D,Ho B, Sykes KJ,et al. Pediatric oral burns: A ten-year review of patient characteristics, etiologies and treatment outcomes[J].Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol,2013,77(8):1325-1328. [10]Hassanpour S,Shariati SM. Simultaneous reconstruction of upper and lower lip beside chin and nasal lobule: In a case of facial chemical burn[J].Burns,2007,33(4):522-525.
[11]Bello SA.Gillies fan flap for the reconstruction of an upper lip defect caused by noma: case presentation[J].Clin Cosmet Investig Dent,2012,4(1):17-20.
[12]Marck KW.Cancrum oris and noma:some etymological and historical remarks[J].Br J Plast Surg,2003,56(6):524-527.
[13]Chidzonga MM, Mahomva L.Noma (cancrum oris) in human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV and AIDS): clinical experience in Zimbabwe[J].J Oral Maxillofac Surg,2008,66(3):475-485.
[14]Behanan AG,Auluck A,Pai KL.Cancrum oris[J].Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg,2004,42(3):267-269.
[15]Unsal Tuna EE, Cem Ozbek OO, Ozdem C. Functional and aesthetic results obtained by modified Bernard reconstruction technique after tumour excision in lower lip cancers[J].J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg,2010,63(6):981-987.
[16]Alvarez GS,Siqueira EJ,de Oliveira MP.A new technique for reconstruction of lower-lip and labial commissure defects: a proposal for the association of Abbe-Estlander and vermilion myomucosal flap techniques[J].Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol,2013,115(6):724-730.
[17]Spink MJ,Hirsch DL,Dierks EJ.Minimizing microstomia while maximizing esthetics in the reconstruction of acquired lip defects: the evolution of the bilateral paramedian cross-lip flap[J].J Oral Maxillofac Surg,2008,66(12):2627-2632.
[18] Yamauchi M,Yotsuyanagi T, Ezoe K,et al. Estlander flap combined with an extended upper lip flap technique for large defects of lower lip with oral commissure[J]. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg,2009,62(8):997-1003.
[19]Nakajima T,Yoshimura Y, Kami T. Reconstruction of the lower lip with a fan-shaped flap based on the facial artery[J].Br J Plast Surg,1984,37(1): 52-54.
[20]Gonzalez A, Etchichury D. Reconstruction of large defects of the lower lip after mohs surgery: the use of combined karapandzic and abbe flaps[J]. Ann Plast Surg,2018,81(4):433-437.
[21]Ethunandan M,Macpherson DW,Santhanam V.Karapandzic flap for reconstruction of lip defects[J].J Oral Maxillofac Surg,2007,65(12):2512-2517.
[22]Sun G,Lu MX,Hu QG.Reconstruction of extensive lip and perioral defects after tumor excision[J].J Cranionfac Surg,2013,24(2):360-362.
[23]Salgarelli AC,Sartorelli F,Cangiano A,et al. Treatment of lower lip cancer: an experience of 48 cases[J]. In J Oral Maxillofac Surg,2005,34(1): 27-32. [24]Salgarelli AC,Persia M,Ciancio P,et al. The staircase technique for treatment of cancer of the lower lip: a report of 36 cases[J].J Oral Maxillofac Surg,2001,59(4):399-402.
[25]Kuttenberger JJ,Hardt N.Results of a modified staircase technique for reconstruction of the lower lip[J].J Craniomaxillofac Surg,1997,25(5):239-244.
[26]Fernandes R,Clemow J.Outcomes of total or near-total lip reconstruction with microvascular tissue transfer[J].J Oral Maxillofac Surg,2012,70(12):2899-2906.
[27]Ueda K,Oba S,Ohtani K,et al. Functional lower lip reconstruction with a forearm flap combined with a free gracilis muscle transfer[J].J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg,2006,59(8):867-870.
[28]Lengele BG,Testelin S,Bayet B,et al.Total lower lip functional reconstruction with a prefabricated gracilis muscle free flap[J].Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg,2004,33(4):396-401.
[29]Ueda K,Oba S,Nakai K,et al.Functional reconstruction of the upper and lower lips and commissure with a forearm flap combined with a free gracilis muscle transfer[J].J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg,2009,62(10):337-340.
[收稿日期]2020-09-17
本文引用格式:鄒璇,路荣建,初晓阳,等.改良Gillies扇形组织瓣在下唇中重度全厚缺损修复与功能重建中的应用[J].中国美容医学,2021,30(5):66-70.