一、前言 从政治和经济两个方面讲,中国都出现了前所未有的良好局面。“软着陆”取得了很大的成功,GDP保持了年增8％的强劲增长,而通货膨胀率已从1994年几乎高达25％降到了最近几个月的几近于零。通过裁减富余的工人,即让工人下岗(“从工作岗位下来”),国有企业改革的初始步骤也进展良好。到1997年底,在1200万下岗职工中,将近40％的人已经重新就业,20％的人退出了劳动力市场,剩下的人仍在寻找新的就业机会,只有10％的人 I. Introduction In both political and economic terms, China has enjoyed an unprecedented good situation. The “soft landing” has been a great success, with GDP maintaining strong growth of 8% annually, while inflation has dropped from almost 25% in 1994 to almost zero in recent months. The initial steps in SOE reform have also proceeded well by cutting the number of surplus workers, that is, by laying off workers (“going from jobs”). By the end of 1997, of the 12 million laid-off workers, nearly 40% had re-employed, 20% had withdrawn from the labor market and the rest were still looking for new employment opportunities, while only 10%