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一个国家对另一国家内政的观察和反应是各国外交活动的一个重要组成部分,也是外交史研究的一项重要内容。20世纪初美国驻华公使康格对清廷改革上谕的观察和反应,以及美国政府拉拢清廷内改革派势力、打击和压制排外保守势力,既是美国以往对华政策的延续,同时也是门户开放原则的一个具体体现,说明美国的门户开放原则不只局限于国际关系领域,而且直接影响美国与中国内政的关系;其对中国内政的影响既有积极一面,也有消极一面。另一方面,新政伊始美国政府对清廷朝政的关注和干涉又是有限度的;他们的观察既不全面,又有很大的主观性和片面性,严重影响美国对华政策的实现。此外,美国政府对20世纪初清廷朝政的观察和反应既表明1901年《辛丑条约》之后包括美国在内的列强对中国内政的干涉和影响大大增强了,同时也透露新政伊始清廷朝政所发生的一系列变化未像1905年日俄战争之后那样趋于明朗。鉴于清末中国历史较诸以往任何时期更受国际因素的影响,加强晚清内政与外交的结合研究,或许可为晚清政治史和中外关系史的研究提供一个新的突破口。
The observation and reaction by a single country of the internal affairs of another country are an important part of the diplomatic activities of all countries and an important part of the study of the history of diplomacy. At the beginning of the 20th century, the observation and reaction of the envoy to the Qing Government by Congo, the envoy of the U.S. ambassador to China, and the efforts by the U.S. government to bring along the reformist forces in the Qing court and crack down on and suppress xenophobic forces are both the continuation of the U.S. policy toward China and the gateway to the United States A concrete manifestation of the principle of openness shows that the principle of opening up the United States is not limited to the field of international relations and has a direct impact on the relations between the United States and China’s internal affairs. Its influence on China’s internal affairs is both positive and negative. On the other hand, at the beginning of the New Deal, the concern and intervention of the U.S. government toward the Qing government was limited. Their observations were neither comprehensive nor subjective and one-sided, which seriously affected the realization of U.S. policy toward China. In addition, the observation and reaction of the U.S. government toward the Qing government in the early 20th century not only showed that the interference and influence of the powers including the United States, including the United States, on the internal affairs of China since the “Xinchu Treaty” in 1901 have been greatly enhanced. At the same time, The series of changes did not become as clear as the 1905 Russo-Japanese War. In view of the fact that the Chinese history in the late Qing Dynasty was more influenced by international factors than ever before, strengthening the combined study of internal affairs and diplomacy in the late Qing Dynasty may provide a new breakthrough in the study of the political history in the late Qing Dynasty and the history of Sino-foreign relations.