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法老鱼科(Anotopteridae)物种是一类凶猛的肉食性鱼类,主要分布在北太平洋、北大西洋和南冰洋中高纬度的寒冷海区,共有1属3种,以往在中国海域没有记录。我们在整理20世纪80年代初采自中国南海的馆藏鱼类标本时,发现了该科1种,即尼氏法老鱼(Anotopterus nikparini Kukuev)。其主要特征为,体甚柔软而细长,近圆筒形。口裂大,上下颌延长,上颌具1行短齿;腭骨有1行镰刀状的大型齿;下颌有1行扁薄的大齿。鳃裂甚宽,鳃膜不与颊部相连;鳃耙退化。鳃盖骨扁薄而柔软。体表无鳞。背鳍缺失,脂鳍发达。各鳍无棘,臀鳍15,胸鳍14,腹鳍11。侧线完全,有侧线孔85。脊椎骨80。法老鱼科、法老鱼属(Anotopterus)和尼氏法老鱼是中国鱼类的新纪录科、新纪录属和新纪录种。标本保存于上海海洋大学鱼类标本馆。
Anotopteridae species are a group of ferocious carnivorous fish, mainly distributed in the cold waters of the North Pacific, North Atlantic and the southern Arctic at mid-high latitudes, with 1 genus and 3 species, which were not recorded in China before. When we collected the specimens collected from the South China Sea in the early 1980s, one species of the family, Anotopterus nikparini Kukuev, was found. Its main feature is that the body is very soft and slender, nearly cylindrical. Larger mouth, upper and lower jaw extended, the maxilla with 1 row of short teeth; palatal bone with 1 large-scale sickle-shaped teeth; mandibular line 1 large flat teeth. Gill cleft very wide, gill not connected with the cheek; gill rake degeneration. Opericillium thin and soft. Body scales without scales. Dorsal fin missing, fat fins developed. Each fin without spines, anal fin 15, pectoral fin 14, pelvic fin 11. Sideline completely, there are lateral holes 85. Vertebra 80. Pharaohidae, Anotopterus and Niger Pharaohs are the new record family, new record family and new record species of Chinese fish. Specimens were preserved in the fish herbarium of Shanghai Ocean University.