一、问题的提出关于在亚洲腹地出现游牧国家的问题,有不少激烈而有趣的争论。笔者倾向于这样的观点,即游牧民族的国家不是从邻国“借用”过来的,而是为了更有效地抵御强大的定居邻国而被迫发展起来的一种自己独特的组织形式。这种关系需要一个比处理牲畜问题及游牧社会中政治争端的机构更高水平的组织。因此,就形式而言,最低级的游牧国家出现于很少有 I. PROBLEM QUESTION There are many fierce and interesting debates about the emergence of nomadic states in the hinterland of Asia. I prefer the view that nomadic nations “borrow” from their neighbors rather than form their own unique form of organization that was forced to develop more effectively against strong colonial neighbors. This relationship requires a higher level of organization than those dealing with livestock issues and political disputes in nomadic societies. Thus, in terms of form, the lowest nomadic states appear to be rare