一、变诉交易的概念、适用范围和类型 在目前美国刑事司法行政中,变诉交易制度占有十分重要的地位,但是人们会惊奇地发现变诉交易(PleaBargaining)一词并不为所有人共同采用。除了“Plea Bargaining”一词外,有的使用“Plea Negotiations”,有的使用“Plea Copping”或者“Cop a Plea”等等。尽管使用的名称不同但却指的都是同一回事。同样,对于什么是“变诉交易”,美国至今也没有一个共同或普遍为人们采用的定义。相反地,对这一事物或现象有许多具体不同的定义,这不仅在不同的司法区之间是这样,就是在同一司法区内也是如此。 为了便于研究起见,本文采用“变诉交易”一词来代替出现在美国刑事诉讼中的这一事物或现象,并且将 First, the concept of variable transaction, the scope and type of At present, the criminal justice administration in the United States, the variable transaction system occupies a very important position, but people will be surprised to find that the transaction of Plea Bargaining (PleaBargaining) is not common to all use. In addition to “Plea Bargaining”, some use “Plea Negotiations”, some use “Plea Copping” or “Cop a Plea” and so on. Although the names used are different, they all mean the same thing. Similarly, there is no common or universal definition of the United States so far as to what is a “case-by-case transaction.” On the contrary, there are many different definitions of this thing or phenomenon, not only in different jurisdictions, but also in the same jurisdiction. In order to facilitate the study, this article uses the term “transaction v.” Instead of this thing or phenomenon appearing in the criminal proceedings in the United States, and will be