一、引言:社会理论与刑事法研究现代社会的刑事惩罚在法律理性化、科学性、经济发展等现代性话语下,逐渐在社会公众面前脱离了暴力与过度的认知。刑法解释与刑法教义学的革新、刑事运作的职业化与刑事司法的中立性也加速了刑事惩罚与人类社会原始复仇冲动的区分。不过,文明化进程并没有完全排除暴力的运用,而是使之从道德考虑中解脱出来,服从于理性的计算。~([1])在大众媒体的报道中、在对恶性刑事案件的审判中,我们依然能够看到刑罚民粹主义(penal populism)包装下的刑事运作的“惩罚性”。~([2])此外,刑事惩罚的 I. Introduction: Social Theory and Criminal Law Research Criminal penalties in modern society gradually break away from violence and excessive cognition before the public under the modern discourse of law rationalization, science and economic development. The explanation of criminal law and the innovation of the doctrine of criminal law, the professionalization of criminal operation and the neutrality of criminal justice also accelerate the distinction between criminal punishment and impulse of primitive revenge of human society. However, the process of civilization did not completely exclude the use of violence, but freed it from moral considerations and subject to rational calculations. In the mass media coverage, we can still see the “punitiveness” of the criminal operation under penalty populism in the trial of vicious criminal cases. ~ ([2]) In addition, criminal penalties