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研究分析引起桥梁失效所有的原因可使设计和施工更专业化,降低桥梁失效的可能性。分析了美国从1989至2000年间503座桥梁的失效案例。失效桥梁寿命介于1年(施工中)和157年之间,平均寿命为52.5年。桥梁失效主要由洪水和意外碰撞所导致。洪水和冲刷,尤其是1993年的特大洪灾,是造成桥梁失效的最主要原因(约占总数53%);超载和侧向撞击导致的桥梁失效占总数20%;其它常见的失效原因还有:设计、施工图设计、施工、建材缺陷及养护的不足。3段时期(1977~1981年,1982~1988年和1989~2000年)的研究比较表明,失效原因的倾向性基本相同,且桥梁失效主要发生在服役期间。人为因素导致的桥梁失效在这3段时期都存在,但在第1段和第3段时期更为显著。信息技术在数据的收集和分析方面起了重要的作用。
Studying and analyzing all the causes of bridge failure can make the design and construction more specialized and reduce the possibility of bridge failure. The failure of 503 bridges in the United States from 1989 to 2000 was analyzed. The life span of a failed bridge is between 1 year (during construction) and 157 years, with an average life span of 52.5 years. Bridge failure is mainly caused by floods and accidental collisions. Floods and erosion, especially the catastrophic floods of 1993, were the major causes of bridge failures (about 53% of the total); bridge failures caused by overloading and lateral impacts accounted for 20% of the total; other common causes of failure were: Design, construction drawing design, construction, building materials defects and conservation deficiencies. The comparison of the three periods (from 1977 to 1981, from 1982 to 1988 and from 1989 to 2000) shows that the causes of failure are basically the same, and the failure of the bridge mainly occurs during the service period. Bridge failure caused by human factors existed during these three periods, but was more significant during the first and third periods. Information technology plays an important role in data collection and analysis.