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本文从总体上而非仅仅从“经济结构”的角度出发,详细阐述了马克思在各个阶段对“生活者”概念的理解。在《巴黎手稿》中,马克思考察了生活者的存在,认为生活者是建立在资本主义经济基础之上的异化形态。在《德意志意识形态》中,马克思考察了生活者经营生活的状况,认为“生活过程”的概念是马克思人学思想与唯物史观的中介。在《政治经济学批判大纲》中,马克思重新从消费的视角出发解释生产,指出将物质生活作为“需要—生产—满足需要”的过程来把握,是从生活的视角出发而产生的理论路径。在《资本论》中,马克思论述了人与土地之间物质变换的破坏,将人与自然物质代谢的破坏视为人与自然关系的异化状态。
This article elaborates on Marx’s understanding of the concept of “life” at all stages from the perspective of “economic structure” as a whole, not just from “economic structure.” In The Paris Manuscript, Marx examines the existence of the living, believing that the living is a form of alienation based on the capitalist economy. In “German Ideology,” Marx examines the state of life and management of the life and believes that the concept of “life process” is an intermediary between Marx’s humanistic thought and historical materialism. In the “Outline of Political Economics Criticism,” Marx reinterpreted production from the perspective of consumption, and pointed out that it is a theory derived from the perspective of life by grasping the material life as the process of “need-production-satisfaction of need” path. In Capital, Marx discusses the destruction of the material transformation between man and land and regards the destruction of the material metabolism of man and nature as the alienation of the relationship between man and nature.