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尽管时局动荡,不可否认的是,20世纪前期的汉口是辉煌的。清末日本驻汉总领事水野幸吉所著的《汉口》一书中,对汉口的崛起倍加赞誉:“与武昌、汉阳鼎立之汉口者,贸易年额一亿三千万两,夙超天津,近凌广东,今也位于清国要港之二,将近而摩上海之垒,使观察者艳称为东方之芝加哥”。~([1])从此,“东方芝加哥”成为汉口另一种称谓。可以说,20世纪初叶的汉口,是当时唯一可与上海匹敌的内地口岸。然而,近代汉口辉煌主要是由外地人造就的。罗威廉在《汉口:一个中国城市的商业和社会(1796—1889)》中分析了19世纪下半期汉口人口来源时说,汉口是一个移民城市,且其外来人口多来自于附近郊县。20世纪前期,汉口移民的来源也是如此,所不同的是周边农民进城的规模与速度加大、加快了。因而,本文在此主要考察汉口周边的外来人口对汉口发展所做出的贡献。
Despite the current turmoil, it is undeniable that Hankow in the early 20th century was brilliant. In the book “Hankou” by Consul General Shui 野 幸 吉 of the late Qing Dynasty in Japan, he repeatedly praised the rise of Hankou: “The Hankou with the largest presence in Wuchang and Hanyang, with an annual trade volume of 130 million taels, Ling Guangdong, now also located in the Qing dynasty to Hong Kong two, close to the rubble of Shanghai, so that the observer Yan said Oriental Chicago ”. ~ ([1]) From then on, “Eastern Chicago” became another name for Hankou. It can be said that Hankou in the early 20th century was the only mainland port that could rival Shanghai. However, the modern Hankow glory is mainly made by outsiders. In his analysis of the source of Hankou’s population in the second half of the 19th century in Hankou: Business and Society in a Chinese City (1796-1889), Luo said that Hankow is a city of immigrants with a large population of immigrants coming from nearby suburbs. The same was true for the origins of Hankou immigrants in the early twentieth century. The difference was that the scale and speed of the surrounding peasants entering the cities had increased and quickened. Therefore, this article mainly examines the contribution of the migrant population around Hankow to the development of Hankou.