目的　了解尸体解剖诊断与临床诊断的相符关系。方法　对 1977年 3月至 1997年 5月间 135例尸体解剖诊断与临床诊断进行回顾性分析。结果　感染是小儿死亡的主要原因。 5 6例胸腺萎缩可能是感染、蛋白质和热卡供给不足以及抗生素大量使用和滥用糖皮质激素等共同作用的结果。结论　对少见病缺乏认识是造成误诊的重要原因之一。 Objective To understand the correlation between autopsy and clinical diagnosis. Methods A retrospective analysis of 135 cases of autopsy and clinical diagnosis from March 1977 to May 1997 was performed. Infection is the main cause of death in children. Thymic atrophy in 6 of 6 cases may be the result of infection, inadequate supply of protein and heat cards, and the combined effect of heavy use of antibiotics and abuse of glucocorticoids. Conclusions The lack of understanding of rare diseases is one of the important causes of misdiagnosis.