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“英语单项填空题难吗？”这是一次平行班高考前单项专题讲座中老师的开场白。问题一问，教室里就像炸开了的油锅，学生七嘴八舌的议论开来，但大多数学生都是愁眉苦脸，哀声一片。
下面我引用几句成语，结合自己近两年高三的教学经验，与大家探讨一下高考单项填空题“难解”的“秘密”，以对症下药，攻克难关。
现象一、 “牛郎织女，天各一方”
分析现象： 单项选择命题中考查的常常是一些固定短语搭配或简单的句子，只是出题者往往使用了插入、前置等手段使句子的结构出现分离现象。试看下面例子：
(1) The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see_____ the next year.
A. carried out B. carrying out
C. carry out D. to carry out
此题答案为A，考核的是see sth. done的用法，宾语the plan前置为先行词。但对于一些学生，短语see sb. doing 更为常见，因而容易误选B。
(2) I think David,_____you,_____ to blame.
A. rather than; is B. rather than; are
C. instead of; are D. not; should
此题答案为A。rather than you是插入语，David is to blame做think的宾语从句。
解决方案： 洞察分离现象，去掉插入用语。（常用插入语：as it is, as well as ..., you know, to be honest, ...）
练习链接： ① Danby left word with my secretary the other day_____ he would call again.
A. who B. when C. that D. as
② There is a new problem involved in the popularity of private cars_____ road conditions need to be improved.
A. that B. when C. what D. how
③ John plays football_____, if not better than, David. （NMET 1994）
A. as well B. as well as
C. so well D. so well as
④ —I haven’t heard from Henry for a long time.
—What do you suppose_____ to him?（上海 1997）
A. was happening B. to happen
C. has happened D. had happened
⑤ Nobody but doctors or nurses and those by Dr Hu_____ to enter the patient’s room.
A. invited, is allowed
B. are invited, are allowed
C. being invited, allowed
D. invited, are allowed
参考答案： ① 答案为C。word 和that 引导的从句是同位语的关系，被with my secretary the other day分割开来了。
② 答案为A。that引导了a new problem的同位语从句，也被隔开了。
③ 答案为B。去掉插入语if not better than，句子一目了然。
④ 选C。因为do you suppose 是插入成分。
⑤ 选A。doctors or nurses and those (who are) invited并百主语，主语为Nobody。
现象二、 “群龙聚首，各领风骚”
分析现象： 有一些单项填空题中出现一个较长的句子，或几个句子连在一起，使结构复杂，不易明白。比如：
Thinking that you know_____ in fact you don’t is a serious mistake.
A. what B.that
C.when D.but
找句子主干： Thinking ... is a serious mistake.“认为自己知道其实并不知道的事情，这是严重的错误”。答案应是D。
再看一例： It is the ability to do the job_____matters not where you come from and what you are.
A. one B. that C. what D. it
简化原句为： The ability to do the job matters；not where you come from and what you are matters. 再简化一下，原句可解剖为A matters; not B （matters）. 结构 和 It is ... that ... 强调句。选B。
解决方案： 理清句子结构，分析句子成分，找出句子主干，简化句子。
练习链接：
①_____ the Tsunami(海啸)_____ has caused about 170,000 deaths so far broke out at the end of 2004 came as a great shock to the whole world.
A. That; what B. What; that
C. That; which D. Which; that
② The shop she usually did her shopping_____every Saturday has been pulled down for the City Center.
A. on B. in C. for D. 不填
③ The teacher seldom let an opportunity to teach his students or to help them make up for the days of schooling they had missed_____ .
A. pass B. passing
C. to pass D. being passed
参考答案： ① 选C。第一个that引导主语从句做came as a great shock to the whole world 的主语，that不充当任何成分。主语从句中the Tsunami broke out at the end of 2004是主干，中间which has caused about 170,000 deaths so far为定语从句，修饰前面的Tsunami。
② 选B。句子She usually did her shopping in the shop.中的the shop前置做先行词。 有学生会误以为是考核时间介词on, 但习惯上every Saturday前是不需加任何介词的。
③ 选A。句子主干为The teacher seldom let an opportunity pass. 它是对let sth. do句型的考查，to teach ... missed是opportunity的后置定语。
现象三、 “斗转星移，沧海桑田”
分析现象： 很多单项填空题考查的是简单句，但为了考查学生的应变能力而将之改为感叹句、强调句、省略句等。
解决方案： 还原真面目。请看以下三个例子。
（1） —What do you think made Marry so sad?
—_____her new bicycle.
A. As she lost B. Lost
C. Losing D. Because she lost
这是省略句，还原： Losing her new bicycle made Marry so sad. 题中用动名词Losing her bicycle回答what，故选C。
（2） What is it_____ makes you so excited about such small things?
A. which B. that C. what D. it
答案为B。将句子还原为强调句的陈述句形式: It is (what) that makes you so excited ... 被强调的部分是主语“something”， 用what来提问。
（3） —Who is the man talking to the headmaster?
—A professor_____ a visit to our school.
A. paying B. is paying
C. paid D. pays
答案是A，省略还原： The man is a professor paying a visit to our school.
练习链接：
① —I was tired, Dad.
—Tired?_____?
A. For what B. For which
C. From which D. Of what
② What great difficulty we had_____ her!
A. persuade B. to persuade
C. persuading D. persuaded
③ Is this factory_____ you visited last Friday?
A. which B. where C. the one D. there
参考答案：
① 选D。将省略句还原为完整的问句:
What were you tired of?
② 选C。将原句还原为陈述句则可知答案: We had great difficulty (in) persuading her.
③ 选C。将原句还原为陈述句，即This factory is the one (which) you visited last Friday.则可知答案。试区别下面一题：
Is this the factory_____ you visited last Friday?
A. which B. where C. the one D. there
此题选A。（原句还原为This is the factory which you visited last Friday.）
现象四、 “男扮女装，迷情误恋”
分析现象： 有一些单项填空题似曾相识，但又改了头、换了脸，迷惑性大，易受定向思维影响。
There were a lot of people in the reading room, most of_____ with their heads bent down over their books.
A. them B. whom C. that D. which
该题选A，学生很容易受定向思维影响，误以为是非限制性定语从句，错选B，甚至看到room以为引导词指物而选择了D项。但认真再看一下就会发现所谓的从句并没有谓语，所以不可能是定语从句，而是不定代词 + with的复合结构构成的独立主格结构。
解决方案： 排除思维定势干扰，弄清句子结构，掌握句子的真正意思。
练习链接：
① —I don’t imagine Russ and his poor dog had a good time on the deserted island,_____ ?
—I have no idea.
A. didn’t they B. do you
C. do I D. hadn’t they
② She can’t help_____ the house because she’s busy making a cake. （上海1997）
A. to clean B. cleaning
C. clean D. being cleaned
③ Australians have to prevent dingoes their sheep and cattle.
A. from protecting B. to protect
C. protect D. to protecting
参考答案：
① 选A。这道题涉及到一个重要的语法点。I don’t think (believe, suppose, imagine, expect ...) + 宾语从句主从复合句的附加疑问句要针对从句来提问，因为这类句子的主要意思在从句，主句只起着缓和语气的作用。叶斯柏森（Jespersen）在其《现代英语语法》第五卷Negation那一章有详细分析。have a good time中的have意为“经历”，所以不能选D。
② 选C。此题在解答时应防止受can’t help doing的影响，实际考查的是help (to) do 的用法。这从其原因状语从句可知。
③ 选B。应排除定势思维，而误认为此题是考prevent sb. from doing sth.这个短语。实际上原句子的意思是“澳大利亚人必须防止野狗们要保护他们的牛羊们。”所以横线上填的是表达目的的to protect。
反思：
1． 高考试题中常常有我们“似曾相识”的题目和内容，平时不仅要做题，还要学会举一反三，横向、纵向联系，训练解题思路，考试中才能游刃有余。
2． 准备高考唯一的途径就是要脚踏实地，一步一个脚印，注重基础、培养能力，尤其是分析能力与判断能力，从而做到以不变应万变。总之，最重要的是弄懂题目的意思。
下面我引用几句成语，结合自己近两年高三的教学经验，与大家探讨一下高考单项填空题“难解”的“秘密”，以对症下药，攻克难关。
现象一、 “牛郎织女，天各一方”
分析现象： 单项选择命题中考查的常常是一些固定短语搭配或简单的句子，只是出题者往往使用了插入、前置等手段使句子的结构出现分离现象。试看下面例子：
(1) The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see_____ the next year.
A. carried out B. carrying out
C. carry out D. to carry out
此题答案为A，考核的是see sth. done的用法，宾语the plan前置为先行词。但对于一些学生，短语see sb. doing 更为常见，因而容易误选B。
(2) I think David,_____you,_____ to blame.
A. rather than; is B. rather than; are
C. instead of; are D. not; should
此题答案为A。rather than you是插入语，David is to blame做think的宾语从句。
解决方案： 洞察分离现象，去掉插入用语。（常用插入语：as it is, as well as ..., you know, to be honest, ...）
练习链接： ① Danby left word with my secretary the other day_____ he would call again.
A. who B. when C. that D. as
② There is a new problem involved in the popularity of private cars_____ road conditions need to be improved.
A. that B. when C. what D. how
③ John plays football_____, if not better than, David. （NMET 1994）
A. as well B. as well as
C. so well D. so well as
④ —I haven’t heard from Henry for a long time.
—What do you suppose_____ to him?（上海 1997）
A. was happening B. to happen
C. has happened D. had happened
⑤ Nobody but doctors or nurses and those by Dr Hu_____ to enter the patient’s room.
A. invited, is allowed
B. are invited, are allowed
C. being invited, allowed
D. invited, are allowed
参考答案： ① 答案为C。word 和that 引导的从句是同位语的关系，被with my secretary the other day分割开来了。
② 答案为A。that引导了a new problem的同位语从句，也被隔开了。
③ 答案为B。去掉插入语if not better than，句子一目了然。
④ 选C。因为do you suppose 是插入成分。
⑤ 选A。doctors or nurses and those (who are) invited并百主语，主语为Nobody。
现象二、 “群龙聚首，各领风骚”
分析现象： 有一些单项填空题中出现一个较长的句子，或几个句子连在一起，使结构复杂，不易明白。比如：
Thinking that you know_____ in fact you don’t is a serious mistake.
A. what B.that
C.when D.but
找句子主干： Thinking ... is a serious mistake.“认为自己知道其实并不知道的事情，这是严重的错误”。答案应是D。
再看一例： It is the ability to do the job_____matters not where you come from and what you are.
A. one B. that C. what D. it
简化原句为： The ability to do the job matters；not where you come from and what you are matters. 再简化一下，原句可解剖为A matters; not B （matters）. 结构 和 It is ... that ... 强调句。选B。
解决方案： 理清句子结构，分析句子成分，找出句子主干，简化句子。
练习链接：
①_____ the Tsunami(海啸)_____ has caused about 170,000 deaths so far broke out at the end of 2004 came as a great shock to the whole world.
A. That; what B. What; that
C. That; which D. Which; that
② The shop she usually did her shopping_____every Saturday has been pulled down for the City Center.
A. on B. in C. for D. 不填
③ The teacher seldom let an opportunity to teach his students or to help them make up for the days of schooling they had missed_____ .
A. pass B. passing
C. to pass D. being passed
参考答案： ① 选C。第一个that引导主语从句做came as a great shock to the whole world 的主语，that不充当任何成分。主语从句中the Tsunami broke out at the end of 2004是主干，中间which has caused about 170,000 deaths so far为定语从句，修饰前面的Tsunami。
② 选B。句子She usually did her shopping in the shop.中的the shop前置做先行词。 有学生会误以为是考核时间介词on, 但习惯上every Saturday前是不需加任何介词的。
③ 选A。句子主干为The teacher seldom let an opportunity pass. 它是对let sth. do句型的考查，to teach ... missed是opportunity的后置定语。
现象三、 “斗转星移，沧海桑田”
分析现象： 很多单项填空题考查的是简单句，但为了考查学生的应变能力而将之改为感叹句、强调句、省略句等。
解决方案： 还原真面目。请看以下三个例子。
（1） —What do you think made Marry so sad?
—_____her new bicycle.
A. As she lost B. Lost
C. Losing D. Because she lost
这是省略句，还原： Losing her new bicycle made Marry so sad. 题中用动名词Losing her bicycle回答what，故选C。
（2） What is it_____ makes you so excited about such small things?
A. which B. that C. what D. it
答案为B。将句子还原为强调句的陈述句形式: It is (what) that makes you so excited ... 被强调的部分是主语“something”， 用what来提问。
（3） —Who is the man talking to the headmaster?
—A professor_____ a visit to our school.
A. paying B. is paying
C. paid D. pays
答案是A，省略还原： The man is a professor paying a visit to our school.
练习链接：
① —I was tired, Dad.
—Tired?_____?
A. For what B. For which
C. From which D. Of what
② What great difficulty we had_____ her!
A. persuade B. to persuade
C. persuading D. persuaded
③ Is this factory_____ you visited last Friday?
A. which B. where C. the one D. there
参考答案：
① 选D。将省略句还原为完整的问句:
What were you tired of?
② 选C。将原句还原为陈述句则可知答案: We had great difficulty (in) persuading her.
③ 选C。将原句还原为陈述句，即This factory is the one (which) you visited last Friday.则可知答案。试区别下面一题：
Is this the factory_____ you visited last Friday?
A. which B. where C. the one D. there
此题选A。（原句还原为This is the factory which you visited last Friday.）
现象四、 “男扮女装，迷情误恋”
分析现象： 有一些单项填空题似曾相识，但又改了头、换了脸，迷惑性大，易受定向思维影响。
There were a lot of people in the reading room, most of_____ with their heads bent down over their books.
A. them B. whom C. that D. which
该题选A，学生很容易受定向思维影响，误以为是非限制性定语从句，错选B，甚至看到room以为引导词指物而选择了D项。但认真再看一下就会发现所谓的从句并没有谓语，所以不可能是定语从句，而是不定代词 + with的复合结构构成的独立主格结构。
解决方案： 排除思维定势干扰，弄清句子结构，掌握句子的真正意思。
练习链接：
① —I don’t imagine Russ and his poor dog had a good time on the deserted island,_____ ?
—I have no idea.
A. didn’t they B. do you
C. do I D. hadn’t they
② She can’t help_____ the house because she’s busy making a cake. （上海1997）
A. to clean B. cleaning
C. clean D. being cleaned
③ Australians have to prevent dingoes their sheep and cattle.
A. from protecting B. to protect
C. protect D. to protecting
参考答案：
① 选A。这道题涉及到一个重要的语法点。I don’t think (believe, suppose, imagine, expect ...) + 宾语从句主从复合句的附加疑问句要针对从句来提问，因为这类句子的主要意思在从句，主句只起着缓和语气的作用。叶斯柏森（Jespersen）在其《现代英语语法》第五卷Negation那一章有详细分析。have a good time中的have意为“经历”，所以不能选D。
② 选C。此题在解答时应防止受can’t help doing的影响，实际考查的是help (to) do 的用法。这从其原因状语从句可知。
③ 选B。应排除定势思维，而误认为此题是考prevent sb. from doing sth.这个短语。实际上原句子的意思是“澳大利亚人必须防止野狗们要保护他们的牛羊们。”所以横线上填的是表达目的的to protect。
反思：
1． 高考试题中常常有我们“似曾相识”的题目和内容，平时不仅要做题，还要学会举一反三，横向、纵向联系，训练解题思路，考试中才能游刃有余。
2． 准备高考唯一的途径就是要脚踏实地，一步一个脚印，注重基础、培养能力，尤其是分析能力与判断能力，从而做到以不变应万变。总之，最重要的是弄懂题目的意思。