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本文介绍了多元文化主义争论在西方社会中展开的背景与过程。第一部分主要围绕“文化多元主义”这一术语在不同类型的文化差异研究中所呈现出的多义性,介绍和批判性地讨论了三种研究多元文化问题的路径:作为规范性问题范畴的多元文化主义、作为(反)意识形态的多元文化主义以及作为当今社会特征的多元文化主义。本文的主体部分关注21世纪初以来被称为“从多元文化主义撤退”的各种理论批判。这些批判宣告了多元文化主义的失败,并认为多元文化主义导致了碎片化社会、平行生活和恐怖活动的产生。为了评估这些对多元文化的批判,本文分析了当下关于多元文化政策、态度和身份的研究中的一些重要发展趋势。最后,本文还对新兴的“日常文化多元主义”研究作了简要分析,后者强调都市日常交往中文化差异的产生和协商过程。
This article describes the background and process of multiculturalism debates in Western societies. The first part focuses on the ambiguity of the term “multiculturalism” in different types of cultural differences and introduces and critically discusses three approaches to multiculturalism: as a normative issue Category multiculturalism, multiculturalism as (anti) ideology and multiculturalism as a feature of today’s society. The main body of this article focuses on various theoretical critiques of the “withdrawal from multiculturalism” since the beginning of the 21st century. These critiques proclaim the failure of multiculturalism and consider multiculturalism leading to fragmented societies, parallel lives and terrorist activities. In order to assess these criticisms of multiculturalism, this article analyzes some of the important trends in contemporary research on multicultural policies, attitudes and identities. Finally, the article also makes a brief analysis of the emerging “daily cultural pluralism” research, which emphasizes the emergence and negotiation process of cultural differences in daily communication.