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清单作为一种信息清晰化集成工具普遍存在于人类社会生活中。公共治理中的清单制以公共利益为制度内核。以适用对象和制度功能为标准,可以将公共治理中的清单分为行政效率型清单、服务公平型清单、治理效率型清单和治理监督型清单四种理想类型。这些类型在当前中国公共治理中均可以找到对应的制度案例,其中行政权力清单、外资准入负面清单、公共服务清单和自治权力清单在实践广度和制度化方面具有代表性。这些清单制与当前中国国家治理倡导的转型和赋权具有耦合性。然而,对四种清单制案例的考察表明,科层化制度供给模式会固化清单制的行政逻辑,压缩治理逻辑,进而无法有效回应多元化的问题情境,最终可能引发目标偏差。未来清单制需要立足于适用对象和问题情境,跳出以政府为中心的实践机制,并建立以市场和社会的治理规律为机制调适的路径导向。在研究层面,清单制可以成为理解中国国家治理逻辑的独特制度案例。
Inventory as a tool for the clarification of information common in human social life. The public checklist system takes the public interest as the system kernel. Based on the applicable objects and system functions, the list in public governance can be divided into four types: administrative efficiency list, service fair list, governance efficiency list and governance supervision list. These types of cases can all be found in the current Chinese public governance. Among them, the executive power list, the negative list of foreign investment access, the public service list and the autonomous power list are representative in practice and institutionalization. These inventories are coupled with the transformation and empowerment advocated by current Chinese state governance. However, the investigation of the four checklist cases shows that the bureaucratic institutional supply model will cure the administrative logic of the inventory system, compress the logic of governance, and thus be unable to effectively respond to the diversified problem situations, which may eventually lead to target deviations. The future inventory system needs to be based on the applicable object and the problem context, to jump out of the government-centered practice mechanism and to establish a path-oriented mechanism that is adapted to the mechanism by market and social governance. At the research level, the inventory system can become a unique system case for understanding the logic of China’s state governance.