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本章首先概述了语义最小论的四个核心观点:(ⅰ)合乎语法的陈述句之语义内容是可做出真值判断的内容;(ⅱ)句子的语义内容由其句法结构与词汇内容充分决定;(ⅲ)自然语言中只存在数量有限的语境敏感性表达式;(ⅳ)即使不把握讲话者当下意向,语义内容的复取依然可能。然后,作者引入被视为最小论之“丧钟”的“语境转变论”(CSAs)。CSAs旨在表明,虽然在表层上不是语境敏感性的句子,事实上必定以某种不那么显现的方式是语境敏感性的。作者针对当下各种主要理论对CSAs的阐释,逐一进行分析对比、究根溯源,进而提出,这几种立场可看作处于一个级差量表上:量表的一端为相当标准的形式论视角(最小论),而另一端是相当标准的基于使用论的视角(场合论),其他几种立场(包括指示论、语境论、相对论)则程度不同地介于这两个极端之间。
This chapter first outlines the four core concepts of semantic minimalism: (i) semantic content of grammatical declarative sentences is the content of truth value judgment; (ii) semantic content of sentences is adequately determined by their syntactic structure and vocabulary content; (Iii) there is only a limited number of context-sensitive expressions in natural language; (iv) seizure of semantic content is possible even without the current intention of the speaker. Then, the author introduces “Contextual Transformation ” (CSAs), which is considered “minimalist”. The CSAs aim to show that while not being context-sensitive on the surface, they must in fact be context-sensitive in some less obvious way. The author analyzes and contrasts CSAs one by one according to the current main theories, examines one by one, and then proposes that these kinds of positions can be regarded as being on a level scale: one end of the scale is a rather standard formal theory Minimalism), while the other is a fairly standard usage-based perspective (ontology). Other positions (including instructionalism, contextualism, and relativity) differ to some extent between these two extremes.