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如果对形态观来说,社会进步的标准是生产力发展的水平,那么在文明观看来,物质和精神文明发展的水平可以说是这样的标准。德国哲学家施宾格勒(O.Spengler)的“地区文明”的理论,把这一准则排除在外。施宾格勒把20世纪初西方文明的水平评价为:“欧洲的终结”,遭到西方国家著名哲学家的普遍反对。在施宾格勒的理论中,文明与文化不仅不一致,而且两者互相排斥。施宾格勒写道:“文明是完善。先有文化,后有文明,象先有生、后有死,先有
If the standard of social progress is the level of the development of productive forces in terms of the concept of form, the level of the development of material and spiritual civilization can be said to be such a standard in the perspective of civilization. The theory of “regional civilization” by the German philosopher O.Spengler excludes this criterion. Spengler appraised the level of Western civilization in the early 20th century as “the end of Europe” and was generally opposed by famous western philosophers. In Schimbinger’s theory, civilization and culture are not only inconsistent, but also mutually exclusive. Schweizerhofer wrote: "Civilization is perfect. First there is culture, then civilizations,