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摘 要:为考察南平烟区翠碧一号、云烟87和K326三个品种间烟叶多酚含量的差异及其与感官质量的关系,采集了邵武、光泽、蒲城、建阳和武夷山等5个县(市、区)初烤C3F和B2F等级烟叶样品,测定了新绿原酸、4-O-咖啡奎尼酸、绿原酸、莨菪亭、芸香苷和山奈酚葡萄糖苷等6种物质含量,分析其在品种间的差异及对感官质量的影响。结果表明,绿原酸和芸香苷是烟叶中两种最主要的多酚化合物,莨菪亭含量最低。翠碧一号的新绿原酸、4-O-咖啡奎尼酸、绿原酸、山奈酚葡萄糖苷及多酚总量的含量高于K326和云烟87。C3F等级烟叶中新绿原酸、4-O-咖啡奎尼酸、绿原酸和多酚总量高于B2F。随着烟草中新绿原酸和绿原酸含量的增加,烟气的香气质、杂气、余味、回甜感等指标趋好。香气量和杂气是影响透发性的两个主要因素,且香气量居于主导地位。
关键词:新绿原酸;绿原酸;多酚;透发性
Abstract: In order to find out the difference of polyphenol contents among flue-cured tobacco varieties, and the relationship between polyphenol contents and sensory quality, six polyphenol compounds were determined in the samples of primary flue-cured tobacco leaves from Nanping. Nine sensory quality indexes including quality of aroma, volume of aroma, volatility, offensive odor, concentration, strength, irritancy, aftertaste and sweet after taste were evaluated. The difference of polyphenol compounds in different varieties were compared, and the correlation between polyphenol compounds and sensory quality was analyzed. The results showed that chlorogenic acid and rutin were the highest polyphenols in tobacco leaves, the sum of them accounted for about 80% of the total phenols, and the content of scopoletin was the lowest. The contents of neochlorogenic acid, 4-o-caffequinic acid, chlorogenic acid, kaempferol glucoside and polyphenols in Cuibiyihao were higher than those in K326 and Yunyan87. The contents of chlorogenic acid, chlorogenic acid and polyphenols in C3F grade tobacco leaves were higher than that in B2F, which may be one of the factors that the sensory quality of C3F was higher than that of B2F. By increasing the contents of chlorogenic acid and neochlorogenic acid in tobacco leaves, we cloud improve the quality of aroma, eliminate the offensive odor, improve the aftertaste, increase the sense of sweet after taste, and improve the sensory quality of tobacco leaves as a whole. Aroma and offensive odor are the two main factors affecting volatility, and the volume of aroma played a leading role in volatility.
Keywords: neochlorogenic acid; chlorogenic acid; polyphenols; volatility
多酚(polyphenols)是一類独特的植物化学物质,为通常带有1个或多个羟基的芳香环。多酚类化合物广泛存在于水果、蔬菜、烟草等植物中,在烟草中全部以葡萄糖苷和酯的形式存在,是烟草重要的次生代谢产物和香气物质前体[1]。在烟叶和烟气中已鉴定出280多种多酚物质。绿原酸、芸香苷和莨菪亭是烟草中最主要的多酚类化合物,含量较高,三者占烟草中植物多酚含量的80%以上[2]。烟草多酚中新绿原酸、4-O-咖啡奎尼酸和山奈酚葡萄糖苷等物质含量也较高。烟叶的多酚类化合物组分和含量受品种、生态条件、栽培措施和调制方法等多种因素的影响[3-7],其对烟草的生长发育、烟叶外观色泽、烟气状态、烟气香吃味、烟叶风格明显影响[2,6,8-10],是衡量烟草质量的一个重要指标[11-12]。通常多酚类化合物含量越高,烟草制品等级也就越高[13]。 前人研究主要关注烟草中的绿原酸、芸香苷和莨菪亭,对其他多酚类物质及其对感官指标的影响研究较少。为明确不同品种和区域间烟叶中多酚类化合物含量的差异,探讨主要多酚类物质含量与感官质量指标的关系,本文分析比较了2017年度南平主要烟区主栽品种初烤C3F和B2F等级烟叶中多酚类物质,以期为优选主栽品种和探索调控烟叶多酚含量的农业措施提供基础。
1 材料与方法
1.1 样品来源
2017年在南平邵武市、蒲城县、武夷山市、光泽县、建阳区等5个植烟县(市、区)采集初烤C3F和B2F等级烟叶样品各16个,其中邵武17个,武夷山、光泽和蒲城各4个,建阳3个。18个样品为K326,4个样品为翠碧一号,10个样品为云烟87。烟草大田生育期内均按照各县(市、区)的优质烟叶生产技术方案执行各项管理措施和采收烘烤,按照GB 2635—1992《烤烟》标准采集相应等级烟叶样品。
1.2 方法
1.2.1 检测方法 烟叶样品经人工去除主脉,在40 ℃下烘干后粉碎,过100目尼龙筛,制备待测样品。采用YC/T 202—2006 《烟草及烟草制品 多酚类化合物 绿原酸、莨菪亭和芸香苷的测定》方法测定样品中绿原酸、莨菪亭和芸香苷3种物质含量;新绿原酸、4-O-咖啡喹尼酸、山奈酚葡萄糖苷等3种物质含量参照上述方法进行测定。总酚含量为6种多酚物质含量之和。
1.2.2 感官评价 烟叶经人工去除主脉后切丝(宽度0.8 mm),卷制成不接装滤棒的评吸烟支,按GB/T 16447—2004《烟草及烟草制品 调节和测试的大气环境》要求调节烟支的水分后进行感官评价。
由中国烟草总公司郑州烟草研究院、河南中烟工业有限责任公司技术中心、福建省烟草公司南平市公司等3单位的7名感官评价专业人员组成评价组,采用9分制,评价指标包括香气质、香气量、透发性、杂气、浓度、劲头、刺激性、余味、回甜等9项,分别计算各指标算术平均值,即为每样品各指标的结果。
1.3 數据分析
采用Microsoft Office Excel 2010和SPSS19.0进行数据整理与有关分析,其中相关性分析采用双变量的Pearson系数法,方差分析采用单因素Duncan法,通径分析采用默认条件下的逐步回归。
2 结 果
2.1 多酚类化合物的品种间差异
由表1可见,6种多酚及总酚的含量因品种不同而异。在相同等级中,翠碧一号烟叶中新绿原酸、4-O-咖啡奎尼酸、绿原酸、山奈酚葡萄糖苷和总酚的含量均高于K326和云烟87,云烟87烟叶中莨菪亭含量均高于K326和翠碧一号;C3F烟叶中芸香苷的含量以云烟87最高,B2F以翠碧一号最高。部分指标间存在显著性差异。
6种多酚及总酚在不同等级烟叶中含量有差别。新绿原酸和4-O-咖啡奎尼酸在3个品种上均呈现C3F>B2F;K326和云烟87中的绿原酸呈C3F>B2F,翠碧一号呈C3F 2.2 多酚类化合物与感官质量评价指标的关系
将多酚类化合物的含量与感官评价指标进行Pearson相关性分析,结果(表2)表明,新绿原酸和绿原酸与香气质、杂气、余味和回甜呈显著或极显著正相关,与劲头和浓度呈显著或极显著负相关关系。4-O-咖啡奎尼酸、莨菪亭、芸香苷、山奈酚葡萄糖苷与感官各指标相关性差,且芸香苷、山奈酚葡萄糖苷与9个指标几乎全部呈负相关关系。因此,新绿原酸和绿原酸对提高香气质、降低杂气和劲头、增加回甜感以改善余味具有积极作用。
通径分析结果表明,新绿原酸含量影响香气质(通径系数为0.584,p<0.01)、余味(通径系数为0.382,p<0.05)和回甜(通径系数为0.636,p<0.01),总酚含量影响烟气浓度(通径系数为-0.463,p<0.01),绿原酸含量影响劲头(通径系数为-0.521,p<0.01)。杂气受到新绿原酸和山奈酚葡萄糖苷含量两个因素的影响,其中新绿原酸含量与杂气的相关系数为0.606(p<0.01),对杂气直接影响(通径系数)为0.551,通过山奈酚葡萄糖苷含量的间接影响(间接通径系数)仅为0.055;山奈酚葡萄糖苷含量与杂气的相关系数为?0.415,对杂气直接影响为?0.321,通过新绿原酸质量分量对杂气的间接影响为?0.094。
2.3 透发性与其他感官质量评价指标的相关性
将感官质量评价指标进行Pearson相关性分析,结果(表3)显示,透发性与香气质、香气量、杂气、浓度、劲头和回甜均具有显著或极显著的正相关关系,客观地反应了透发性与烟气中香味成分的暴露程度和扩散能力的关系,与透发性概念相一致[14]。
透发性与其他感官指标之间的逐步回归结果(表4)表明,烟气透发性主要受到香气量和杂气的影响,显著性检验结果表明,香气量和杂气的偏回归系数的p值小于0.05,其中香气量与透发性的相关系数为0.847(表3),进一步分析表明,对透发性直接影响(通径系数)为0.778,通过杂气的间接影响(间接通径系数)为0.069;杂气与透发性的相关系数为0.470,对透发性直接影响为0.275,通过香气量对透发性的间接影响为0.195。香气量是影响透发性的最主要因素。
3 讨 论
酚类化合物在烟草燃烧时可发生酸性反应,中和部分碱性成分,使吸味更加醇和[15],有研究表明[16],绿原酸与香气质、香气量、刺激性及透发性显著正相关,提高烟草中绿原酸的含量,可以提高烟草的香气质、香气量及透发性,降低刺激性。本研究也表明,绿原酸和新绿原酸含量与多个感官指标表现出显著或极显著相关性,说明提高烟草中新绿原酸和绿原酸的含量,可以提高烟草的香气质,消除杂气,改善烟气的余味,增加回甜,提高烟叶整体的感官质量,这与他人的研究结果相一致[16-17]。但总酚含量并未与透发性呈现出显著相关关系,与他人的研究结果存在差异[16]。 透发性用于表征在抽吸过程中烟气所含香气成分的显露程度和扩散能力[14],其受到整体感官质量、烟气化学组成和评吸人员身体状况等多种因素的综合影响。程传玲等[18]认为增加总糖和还原糖含量或减少总植物碱和总氮含量,可显著提高透发性分值;陈志燕[19]等认为随着烟叶脂肪酸和不饱和脂肪酸含量增加,烟气的透发性会显著提高,这些研究表明烟气透发性受到烟气化学组成的影响。钟庆辉[20]曾提出以酚类化合物含量与蛋白质氮含量的比值作为判断烟草芳香吃味的依据,本研究也表明多酚类化合物含量对感官质量指标具有一定程度的影响,但单纯采用烟叶中某种或某类物质的含量或其与感官指标间的简单相关性来判断其对烟草感官质量的影响均不全面。
4 结 论
绿原酸和芸香苷是烟叶中两种含量最高多酚类化合物,烟叶中多酚类化合物含量受到品种及等级的影响。翠碧一号的新绿原酸、4-O-咖啡奎尼酸、绿原酸、山奈酚葡萄糖苷及总酚含量高于K326和云烟87;C3F等级烟叶中新绿原酸、绿原酸和总酚含量高于B2F。
新绿原酸与香气质、杂气、余味和回甜显著或极显著正相关,与劲头显著负相关;绿原酸与香气质、杂气、余味和回甜显著或极显著正相关,与浓度和劲头极显著负相关。增加烟草中新绿原酸和绿原酸的含量,可以提高烟草的香气质,消除杂气,改善烟气的余味,增加回甜,整体提高烟叶的感官质量。透发性与香气质、香气量、杂气、浓度、劲头及回甜均极显著正相关,香气量和杂气是影响透发性的两个主要因素,且香气量对透发性的影响起主导作用。
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ZHONG Q H. Study on the relationship between the chemical composition and the aroma and taste of flue-cured tobacco[J]. Tobacco Science and Technology, 1981(4): 21-23.
关键词:新绿原酸;绿原酸;多酚;透发性
Abstract: In order to find out the difference of polyphenol contents among flue-cured tobacco varieties, and the relationship between polyphenol contents and sensory quality, six polyphenol compounds were determined in the samples of primary flue-cured tobacco leaves from Nanping. Nine sensory quality indexes including quality of aroma, volume of aroma, volatility, offensive odor, concentration, strength, irritancy, aftertaste and sweet after taste were evaluated. The difference of polyphenol compounds in different varieties were compared, and the correlation between polyphenol compounds and sensory quality was analyzed. The results showed that chlorogenic acid and rutin were the highest polyphenols in tobacco leaves, the sum of them accounted for about 80% of the total phenols, and the content of scopoletin was the lowest. The contents of neochlorogenic acid, 4-o-caffequinic acid, chlorogenic acid, kaempferol glucoside and polyphenols in Cuibiyihao were higher than those in K326 and Yunyan87. The contents of chlorogenic acid, chlorogenic acid and polyphenols in C3F grade tobacco leaves were higher than that in B2F, which may be one of the factors that the sensory quality of C3F was higher than that of B2F. By increasing the contents of chlorogenic acid and neochlorogenic acid in tobacco leaves, we cloud improve the quality of aroma, eliminate the offensive odor, improve the aftertaste, increase the sense of sweet after taste, and improve the sensory quality of tobacco leaves as a whole. Aroma and offensive odor are the two main factors affecting volatility, and the volume of aroma played a leading role in volatility.
Keywords: neochlorogenic acid; chlorogenic acid; polyphenols; volatility
多酚(polyphenols)是一類独特的植物化学物质,为通常带有1个或多个羟基的芳香环。多酚类化合物广泛存在于水果、蔬菜、烟草等植物中,在烟草中全部以葡萄糖苷和酯的形式存在,是烟草重要的次生代谢产物和香气物质前体[1]。在烟叶和烟气中已鉴定出280多种多酚物质。绿原酸、芸香苷和莨菪亭是烟草中最主要的多酚类化合物,含量较高,三者占烟草中植物多酚含量的80%以上[2]。烟草多酚中新绿原酸、4-O-咖啡奎尼酸和山奈酚葡萄糖苷等物质含量也较高。烟叶的多酚类化合物组分和含量受品种、生态条件、栽培措施和调制方法等多种因素的影响[3-7],其对烟草的生长发育、烟叶外观色泽、烟气状态、烟气香吃味、烟叶风格明显影响[2,6,8-10],是衡量烟草质量的一个重要指标[11-12]。通常多酚类化合物含量越高,烟草制品等级也就越高[13]。 前人研究主要关注烟草中的绿原酸、芸香苷和莨菪亭,对其他多酚类物质及其对感官指标的影响研究较少。为明确不同品种和区域间烟叶中多酚类化合物含量的差异,探讨主要多酚类物质含量与感官质量指标的关系,本文分析比较了2017年度南平主要烟区主栽品种初烤C3F和B2F等级烟叶中多酚类物质,以期为优选主栽品种和探索调控烟叶多酚含量的农业措施提供基础。
1 材料与方法
1.1 样品来源
2017年在南平邵武市、蒲城县、武夷山市、光泽县、建阳区等5个植烟县(市、区)采集初烤C3F和B2F等级烟叶样品各16个,其中邵武17个,武夷山、光泽和蒲城各4个,建阳3个。18个样品为K326,4个样品为翠碧一号,10个样品为云烟87。烟草大田生育期内均按照各县(市、区)的优质烟叶生产技术方案执行各项管理措施和采收烘烤,按照GB 2635—1992《烤烟》标准采集相应等级烟叶样品。
1.2 方法
1.2.1 检测方法 烟叶样品经人工去除主脉,在40 ℃下烘干后粉碎,过100目尼龙筛,制备待测样品。采用YC/T 202—2006 《烟草及烟草制品 多酚类化合物 绿原酸、莨菪亭和芸香苷的测定》方法测定样品中绿原酸、莨菪亭和芸香苷3种物质含量;新绿原酸、4-O-咖啡喹尼酸、山奈酚葡萄糖苷等3种物质含量参照上述方法进行测定。总酚含量为6种多酚物质含量之和。
1.2.2 感官评价 烟叶经人工去除主脉后切丝(宽度0.8 mm),卷制成不接装滤棒的评吸烟支,按GB/T 16447—2004《烟草及烟草制品 调节和测试的大气环境》要求调节烟支的水分后进行感官评价。
由中国烟草总公司郑州烟草研究院、河南中烟工业有限责任公司技术中心、福建省烟草公司南平市公司等3单位的7名感官评价专业人员组成评价组,采用9分制,评价指标包括香气质、香气量、透发性、杂气、浓度、劲头、刺激性、余味、回甜等9项,分别计算各指标算术平均值,即为每样品各指标的结果。
1.3 數据分析
采用Microsoft Office Excel 2010和SPSS19.0进行数据整理与有关分析,其中相关性分析采用双变量的Pearson系数法,方差分析采用单因素Duncan法,通径分析采用默认条件下的逐步回归。
2 结 果
2.1 多酚类化合物的品种间差异
由表1可见,6种多酚及总酚的含量因品种不同而异。在相同等级中,翠碧一号烟叶中新绿原酸、4-O-咖啡奎尼酸、绿原酸、山奈酚葡萄糖苷和总酚的含量均高于K326和云烟87,云烟87烟叶中莨菪亭含量均高于K326和翠碧一号;C3F烟叶中芸香苷的含量以云烟87最高,B2F以翠碧一号最高。部分指标间存在显著性差异。
6种多酚及总酚在不同等级烟叶中含量有差别。新绿原酸和4-O-咖啡奎尼酸在3个品种上均呈现C3F>B2F;K326和云烟87中的绿原酸呈C3F>B2F,翠碧一号呈C3F
将多酚类化合物的含量与感官评价指标进行Pearson相关性分析,结果(表2)表明,新绿原酸和绿原酸与香气质、杂气、余味和回甜呈显著或极显著正相关,与劲头和浓度呈显著或极显著负相关关系。4-O-咖啡奎尼酸、莨菪亭、芸香苷、山奈酚葡萄糖苷与感官各指标相关性差,且芸香苷、山奈酚葡萄糖苷与9个指标几乎全部呈负相关关系。因此,新绿原酸和绿原酸对提高香气质、降低杂气和劲头、增加回甜感以改善余味具有积极作用。
通径分析结果表明,新绿原酸含量影响香气质(通径系数为0.584,p<0.01)、余味(通径系数为0.382,p<0.05)和回甜(通径系数为0.636,p<0.01),总酚含量影响烟气浓度(通径系数为-0.463,p<0.01),绿原酸含量影响劲头(通径系数为-0.521,p<0.01)。杂气受到新绿原酸和山奈酚葡萄糖苷含量两个因素的影响,其中新绿原酸含量与杂气的相关系数为0.606(p<0.01),对杂气直接影响(通径系数)为0.551,通过山奈酚葡萄糖苷含量的间接影响(间接通径系数)仅为0.055;山奈酚葡萄糖苷含量与杂气的相关系数为?0.415,对杂气直接影响为?0.321,通过新绿原酸质量分量对杂气的间接影响为?0.094。
2.3 透发性与其他感官质量评价指标的相关性
将感官质量评价指标进行Pearson相关性分析,结果(表3)显示,透发性与香气质、香气量、杂气、浓度、劲头和回甜均具有显著或极显著的正相关关系,客观地反应了透发性与烟气中香味成分的暴露程度和扩散能力的关系,与透发性概念相一致[14]。
透发性与其他感官指标之间的逐步回归结果(表4)表明,烟气透发性主要受到香气量和杂气的影响,显著性检验结果表明,香气量和杂气的偏回归系数的p值小于0.05,其中香气量与透发性的相关系数为0.847(表3),进一步分析表明,对透发性直接影响(通径系数)为0.778,通过杂气的间接影响(间接通径系数)为0.069;杂气与透发性的相关系数为0.470,对透发性直接影响为0.275,通过香气量对透发性的间接影响为0.195。香气量是影响透发性的最主要因素。
3 讨 论
酚类化合物在烟草燃烧时可发生酸性反应,中和部分碱性成分,使吸味更加醇和[15],有研究表明[16],绿原酸与香气质、香气量、刺激性及透发性显著正相关,提高烟草中绿原酸的含量,可以提高烟草的香气质、香气量及透发性,降低刺激性。本研究也表明,绿原酸和新绿原酸含量与多个感官指标表现出显著或极显著相关性,说明提高烟草中新绿原酸和绿原酸的含量,可以提高烟草的香气质,消除杂气,改善烟气的余味,增加回甜,提高烟叶整体的感官质量,这与他人的研究结果相一致[16-17]。但总酚含量并未与透发性呈现出显著相关关系,与他人的研究结果存在差异[16]。 透发性用于表征在抽吸过程中烟气所含香气成分的显露程度和扩散能力[14],其受到整体感官质量、烟气化学组成和评吸人员身体状况等多种因素的综合影响。程传玲等[18]认为增加总糖和还原糖含量或减少总植物碱和总氮含量,可显著提高透发性分值;陈志燕[19]等认为随着烟叶脂肪酸和不饱和脂肪酸含量增加,烟气的透发性会显著提高,这些研究表明烟气透发性受到烟气化学组成的影响。钟庆辉[20]曾提出以酚类化合物含量与蛋白质氮含量的比值作为判断烟草芳香吃味的依据,本研究也表明多酚类化合物含量对感官质量指标具有一定程度的影响,但单纯采用烟叶中某种或某类物质的含量或其与感官指标间的简单相关性来判断其对烟草感官质量的影响均不全面。
4 结 论
绿原酸和芸香苷是烟叶中两种含量最高多酚类化合物,烟叶中多酚类化合物含量受到品种及等级的影响。翠碧一号的新绿原酸、4-O-咖啡奎尼酸、绿原酸、山奈酚葡萄糖苷及总酚含量高于K326和云烟87;C3F等级烟叶中新绿原酸、绿原酸和总酚含量高于B2F。
新绿原酸与香气质、杂气、余味和回甜显著或极显著正相关,与劲头显著负相关;绿原酸与香气质、杂气、余味和回甜显著或极显著正相关,与浓度和劲头极显著负相关。增加烟草中新绿原酸和绿原酸的含量,可以提高烟草的香气质,消除杂气,改善烟气的余味,增加回甜,整体提高烟叶的感官质量。透发性与香气质、香气量、杂气、浓度、劲头及回甜均极显著正相关,香气量和杂气是影响透发性的两个主要因素,且香气量对透发性的影响起主导作用。
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