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职业是决定就业人员劳动收入,继而影响居民收入差距程度的重要变量。本文利用国家统计局2005年全国1%人口抽样调查数据中的子样本,对职业与收入差别之间的关系做了经验分析,结果发现职业间收入差距可以解释城镇就业人员收入总体差距的12-17%。造成这种差别的主要原因有二:一是由于各职业对就业人员人力资本上的要求有差异,从而导致了职业间劳动要素报酬上的差异;二是劳动力市场、地区分割所带来的不同职业间人员自由流动的障碍,造成了这种收入差别。前一种原因强调了人力资本的作用,这应当是市场化改革的积极成效;而后一种原因反映的却是现阶段的市场化改革还不彻底。因此,为了缩小职业间不合理的收入差距,我们还应进一步深化改革,尽可能地排除由于市场、地区分割造成的不同职业间人员自由流动的障碍。
Occupation is an important variable that determines the income of workers and thus the income disparity among residents. Based on the sub-sample of 1% national sample survey data of National Bureau of Statistics of China in 2005, this paper empirically analyzes the relationship between occupations and income differences and finds that the income gap among occupations can explain the overall income gap between urban and rural residents. 17%. The main reasons for this difference are twofold: First, there are differences in the human capital requirements of employed persons among different occupations, which lead to differences in the remuneration of labor among occupations; second, differences in labor market and regional division The barriers to free movement among occupations create this difference in income. The former reason emphasizes the role of human capital, which should be the positive effect of market-oriented reforms. The latter reason, however, reflects the incomplete market-oriented reforms at this stage. Therefore, in order to reduce the unreasonable income gap between occupations, we should further deepen the reform so as to eliminate, as far as possible, the obstacles to the free movement of people in different occupations caused by market and regional divisions.