论文部分内容阅读
2013年陕西高考英语阅读理解整体难度有所下降。文章选材方面，体现最明显的是区分度比较高的科普类文章今年明显大幅降到了难度。题型设置方面，与往年难度持平。选项设置方面，比往年难度略有下降。具体分析如下：
第一节：传统阅读
A篇阅读材料：广告类
广告类多为多幅广告。
Joshua， Helmut， and Bethlehem
Michelle O. Donovan
ISBN 9781462058679
Life is not easy for nine-year-old Joshua during World War II. Because of his family’s Jewish background， they are sent to live in the concentration camps （集中营）. Scared and alone， Joshua one day makes friends with a little mouse he calls Bethlehem who becomes his closest friend. More Things in Heaven
Bill Bosworth
ISBN 9780595433582
In his More Things in Heaven， Bill Bosworth presents the highlights of his 83 years of life， including his trips to India and the study of the writings of several great spiritual leaders.
More things in Heaven will appeal to anyone who insists on finding the deepest meaning for their existence based on their own experience.
Encourage Me！
Inspirational Poetry
Gloria Coykendall
ISBN 9781412027854
It is an easy to read collection of poems originally written to encourage in faith and to be a cure for chromic depression（长期抑郁） … cure to strengthen identity and purpose.
Creation or Evolution
Michael Ebifegha
ISBN 9781450289023
Were humans created， or did they evolve？ How old is the Earth？ The debate between science and religion continues to be heated. In Creation or Evolution， Michael Ebifegha examines these two opposed world views within the structure of empirical（实证的） science.
Seeking the Edge
Dr. Joseph L. Rose
ISBN 9781462031795
Seeking the Edge provides the tools and techniques to find that edge in one’s life. ---driving readers to achieve success whether in your current job， finding a new job， in education， family， or even hobbies.
材料特点为：“字小、黑体、数据多，外加框框和黑点”，多为广告。
答题技巧：
设题多为细节辨析类。作答时应先题干，再材料。先题干，锁定核心词，带核心词在材料中找出处，筛选答案。
归纳类题干提问方式常见：
（1）The above passage is probably written in order to----
（2）The ad is mainly for---
（3）What is the purpose of the passage ？
The passage / paragraph 2 is aimed to tell us---？
2013年A篇文章是关于五本书的简介。
46题：事实细节题。我们在课堂上重点讲过细节题的做题策略，用题干中“a little boy and a little mouse” 定位到左上角第一本书的倒数第二行 “a little mouse”，答案选B. Michelle O. Donovon.
47题：事实细节题。用题干中的“poems”定位到左边中间方框的“ poems”，答案选B. 9781412027854。
48题：事实细节题。定位到右上方框最后一句“…appeal to anyone who insists on finding the deepest meaning for their existence based on their own experiences.”答案选A. Those who are searching for the meaning of life. 49题：推理归纳题。右下方框讲到人类和地球的形成及进化，所以答案选B. Creation or Evolution.
答题技巧：要“点对点”地对阅读材料和选项对照。善于排除干扰项。
干扰项特点：
（1） 材料中未提及的。但学生易先入为主式判断。
（2） 材料中提及到了的，但在干扰项定义上发生了改变。（多为限定词，修饰词改变。程度扩大缩小等……）
B篇阅读材料：故事类。
In 1978， I was 18 and was working as a nurse in a small town about 270 km away from Sydney， Australia. I was looking forward to having five fays off from duty. Unfortunately， the only one train a day back to my home in Sydney had already left. So I thought I’d hitch a ride （搭便车）.
I waited by the side of the highway for three hours but no one stopped for me. Finally， a man walked over and introduced himself as Gordon. He said that although he couldn’t give me a lift， I should come back to his house for lunch. He noticed me standing for hours in the November heat and thought I must be hungry. I was doubtful as a young girl but he assured （使…放心）me I was safe， and he also offered to help me find a lift home afterwards. When we arrived at his house， he made us sandwiches. After lunch， he helped me find a lift home.
Twenty-five years later， in 2003， while I was driving to a nearby town one day， I saw an elderly man standing in the glaring heat， trying to hitch a ride. I thought it was another chance to repay someone for the favour I’d been given decades earlier. I pulled over and picked him up. I made him comfortable on the back seat and offered him some water.
题干设计有三类：
A类：细节题（比例较大）
（多考察细节判断，注意按时间顺序找“点”、找“文脉”。）
B类：（1）The best title of the text would
What’s the test mainly about/purpose/topic？
（答案多在首段找）
（2）It can be inferred from the passage that…
We can learn from /the passage that imply…
（答案多材料中发现，但没有明确阐明需要推断，故选项内容是原文原句原意的不能选）
2013年B篇重点讲述人间真善美互相帮助的故事。
50题：事实细节题。用题干中“hitch a ride…1978 ”定位到第一段，答案在第一段最后两句。选D. she missed the only train back home.
51题：事实细节题。B， C， D三选项均与第二段不符，答案选A. He helped the girl find a ride， 与第二段最后一句符合。
52题：事实细节题。用题干中的信息“the elderly man”定位到第三段，答案信息在第二句和第三句中明确体现。答案选D. she wanted to repay the favour she once got.
53题：典型的故事类哲理题。用例证推理选答案A. Giving sometimes produces nice results.
C篇阅读材料：调查报告类
According to sociologists（社会学家）， every modern industrial society has some form of social stratification（阶层）. Class， power and status are important in deciding people’s rank in society.
Class means a person’s economic position in society. A commonly used classification is lower class， middle class and upper class. While sociologists disagree on how these terms should be exactly defined， they do describe societies like the United States quite well. One study shows that 53% of Americans belong to the lower class， 46% the middle class， and 1% the upper class. Interestingly， a surgeon earning $500，000 a year and a bus driver earning $50，000 a year both regard themselves as the middle class！ Power refers to the amount of control a person has over other people. Obviously， people in positions of great power （such as governors） exercise（行使）big power， but people who take orders from others have less power. Power and class do not always go hand in hand， however. For example， the governor of a state has great power， but he or she may not belong to a corresponding （相应的）economic class. Generally， however， there is a relationship between power and class.
To our knowledge， there aren’t too many people who aren’t millionaires in the U.S. Senate！
Status is the honor or respect attached to a person’s position in society. It can also be affected by power and class， but not necessarily so. For example， a university professor may have a high status but not belong to a high social class or have a lot of power over others.
此类材料内容涉及社会、科技、医疗、健康、体育卫生、教育、公共环境等。内容多难深，专用名词、专业术语较多。地名，人名庞杂，易分散阅读注意力，干扰阅读思维。为阅读中的拉分题。但2013年明显大幅降到了难度。
材料格式多为：
前段（I、II段）：给出调查报告（research/survey）的主题
（Topic sentence）
中段：给出调查报告的过程叙述或不同人士对此topic的看法见解。
未段：作者或他人对此调查的看法、结论。
题干设问方式：
1. According to the passage， ，
According to Professor **，……
In opinion of **，……
Professor/Dr. ** found/thought
According to the passage we can infer……
2. What is the best title of the passage？
The passage mainly tell us----
（主旨归纳题，多在首段中找出处）
From the text， we can know/conclude -----
What is the writing purpose of the text
（归纳判断题，多在末、首段找出处）。
今年C篇是关于社会等级权利地位的话题报告。
54题：细节题。A和C选项同时在第二段最后一句出现，但是信息与最后一句不符合，所以应该排除， D选项直接与第二段第三句冲突。 所以答案选B. Nearly half Americans belong to the middle class. 在第二段第四句有明确体现。
55题：细节题。此题难度较大，主要因为题干没有给出明确的定位词。当然，这种细节正误辨析类型，题干繁多、无处着手，我们在课堂上交给学生去用选项比较法去解决。用四个选项中的中心词定位，可知答案选A. power and class do not always correspond with each other. 其余选项均与文章不符。
56题：文章语篇结构题。我们在三轮模拟训练中已经做过两次，学生应该十分熟悉。第一段综述，其余三段分述。答案选A。
D篇阅读材料：故事类。材料类型和B篇一样。
今年是一篇关于子女教育的故事。
About 30 years ago， I left Cuba for the United States with my son. After getting settled finally in Brunswick， New Jersey， I enrolled（注册） my son in kindergarten. Several weeks later， my son’s teacher asked me to meet him at his office.
In the teacher’s office， and exchange of greetings was followed by his questions： “Is your son mentally retarded（弱智的）？Does he suffer from any kind of mental disability？”
Was he talking about my wonderful Scola？ NO， no， it can’t be. What a helpless， lonely moment！ I told him that Scola was a quiet， sweet little boy， instead. I asked him why he was asking me all these questions. My son could not follow the teacher’s directions， he told me， and thus， Scola was disrupting the class， Didn’t he know my son did not speak English yet？
He was angry； “Why hasn’t your son been taught to speak English？ Don’t you speak English at home？”
No， I didn’t speak English at home， I replied. I was sure my son would learn English in a couple of months， and I didn't want him to forget his native language. Well， wrong answer！ What kind of person would not speak in English to her son at home and at all time？ “Are you one of those people who come to this country to save dollars and send them back to their country， never wanting to be a part of this society？”
Needless to say， I tried to tell him I was not one of “those people.” Then he told me the meeting was over， and I left.
As I had expected， my son learned to speak English fluently before the school year was over. He went on to graduate from college and got a job， earning close to six figures. He travels widely and leads a well-adjusted， contented life. And he has benefited from being bilingual（双语的）。
Speaking more than one language allows people to communicate with others； it teaches people about other cultures and other places—something very basic and obviously lacking in the “educator” I met in New Jersey.
57题：细节推理题。从文中前半部分尤其是第二段第四段及第五段老师问的问题可以推理出，答案选A. to discuss Scola’s in class performance。
58题：词义辨析题。第四段第一句说到坐着的儿子不会说英语听不懂老师的指令，由此答案选D. Disturbing，他妨碍了课堂的进行。
答题技巧：熟词换词义，生词换地方。
59题：态度观点题。答案选C. positive。
60题：推理文章出处题。文章关于教育话题，最后一段也有暗示，答案选B. education。
总而言之，阅读理解答题，要限时（5篇以35分钟为宜），要先划定题干区域（句、词或段），再精读细划支撑文篇内容脉络的 key words，对比选项，锁定答案。
（陕西省洋县中学）
第一节：传统阅读
A篇阅读材料：广告类
广告类多为多幅广告。
Joshua， Helmut， and Bethlehem
Michelle O. Donovan
ISBN 9781462058679
Life is not easy for nine-year-old Joshua during World War II. Because of his family’s Jewish background， they are sent to live in the concentration camps （集中营）. Scared and alone， Joshua one day makes friends with a little mouse he calls Bethlehem who becomes his closest friend. More Things in Heaven
Bill Bosworth
ISBN 9780595433582
In his More Things in Heaven， Bill Bosworth presents the highlights of his 83 years of life， including his trips to India and the study of the writings of several great spiritual leaders.
More things in Heaven will appeal to anyone who insists on finding the deepest meaning for their existence based on their own experience.
Encourage Me！
Inspirational Poetry
Gloria Coykendall
ISBN 9781412027854
It is an easy to read collection of poems originally written to encourage in faith and to be a cure for chromic depression（长期抑郁） … cure to strengthen identity and purpose.
Creation or Evolution
Michael Ebifegha
ISBN 9781450289023
Were humans created， or did they evolve？ How old is the Earth？ The debate between science and religion continues to be heated. In Creation or Evolution， Michael Ebifegha examines these two opposed world views within the structure of empirical（实证的） science.
Seeking the Edge
Dr. Joseph L. Rose
ISBN 9781462031795
Seeking the Edge provides the tools and techniques to find that edge in one’s life. ---driving readers to achieve success whether in your current job， finding a new job， in education， family， or even hobbies.
材料特点为：“字小、黑体、数据多，外加框框和黑点”，多为广告。
答题技巧：
设题多为细节辨析类。作答时应先题干，再材料。先题干，锁定核心词，带核心词在材料中找出处，筛选答案。
归纳类题干提问方式常见：
（1）The above passage is probably written in order to----
（2）The ad is mainly for---
（3）What is the purpose of the passage ？
The passage / paragraph 2 is aimed to tell us---？
2013年A篇文章是关于五本书的简介。
46题：事实细节题。我们在课堂上重点讲过细节题的做题策略，用题干中“a little boy and a little mouse” 定位到左上角第一本书的倒数第二行 “a little mouse”，答案选B. Michelle O. Donovon.
47题：事实细节题。用题干中的“poems”定位到左边中间方框的“ poems”，答案选B. 9781412027854。
48题：事实细节题。定位到右上方框最后一句“…appeal to anyone who insists on finding the deepest meaning for their existence based on their own experiences.”答案选A. Those who are searching for the meaning of life. 49题：推理归纳题。右下方框讲到人类和地球的形成及进化，所以答案选B. Creation or Evolution.
答题技巧：要“点对点”地对阅读材料和选项对照。善于排除干扰项。
干扰项特点：
（1） 材料中未提及的。但学生易先入为主式判断。
（2） 材料中提及到了的，但在干扰项定义上发生了改变。（多为限定词，修饰词改变。程度扩大缩小等……）
B篇阅读材料：故事类。
In 1978， I was 18 and was working as a nurse in a small town about 270 km away from Sydney， Australia. I was looking forward to having five fays off from duty. Unfortunately， the only one train a day back to my home in Sydney had already left. So I thought I’d hitch a ride （搭便车）.
I waited by the side of the highway for three hours but no one stopped for me. Finally， a man walked over and introduced himself as Gordon. He said that although he couldn’t give me a lift， I should come back to his house for lunch. He noticed me standing for hours in the November heat and thought I must be hungry. I was doubtful as a young girl but he assured （使…放心）me I was safe， and he also offered to help me find a lift home afterwards. When we arrived at his house， he made us sandwiches. After lunch， he helped me find a lift home.
Twenty-five years later， in 2003， while I was driving to a nearby town one day， I saw an elderly man standing in the glaring heat， trying to hitch a ride. I thought it was another chance to repay someone for the favour I’d been given decades earlier. I pulled over and picked him up. I made him comfortable on the back seat and offered him some water.
题干设计有三类：
A类：细节题（比例较大）
（多考察细节判断，注意按时间顺序找“点”、找“文脉”。）
B类：（1）The best title of the text would
What’s the test mainly about/purpose/topic？
（答案多在首段找）
（2）It can be inferred from the passage that…
We can learn from /the passage that imply…
（答案多材料中发现，但没有明确阐明需要推断，故选项内容是原文原句原意的不能选）
2013年B篇重点讲述人间真善美互相帮助的故事。
50题：事实细节题。用题干中“hitch a ride…1978 ”定位到第一段，答案在第一段最后两句。选D. she missed the only train back home.
51题：事实细节题。B， C， D三选项均与第二段不符，答案选A. He helped the girl find a ride， 与第二段最后一句符合。
52题：事实细节题。用题干中的信息“the elderly man”定位到第三段，答案信息在第二句和第三句中明确体现。答案选D. she wanted to repay the favour she once got.
53题：典型的故事类哲理题。用例证推理选答案A. Giving sometimes produces nice results.
C篇阅读材料：调查报告类
According to sociologists（社会学家）， every modern industrial society has some form of social stratification（阶层）. Class， power and status are important in deciding people’s rank in society.
Class means a person’s economic position in society. A commonly used classification is lower class， middle class and upper class. While sociologists disagree on how these terms should be exactly defined， they do describe societies like the United States quite well. One study shows that 53% of Americans belong to the lower class， 46% the middle class， and 1% the upper class. Interestingly， a surgeon earning $500，000 a year and a bus driver earning $50，000 a year both regard themselves as the middle class！ Power refers to the amount of control a person has over other people. Obviously， people in positions of great power （such as governors） exercise（行使）big power， but people who take orders from others have less power. Power and class do not always go hand in hand， however. For example， the governor of a state has great power， but he or she may not belong to a corresponding （相应的）economic class. Generally， however， there is a relationship between power and class.
To our knowledge， there aren’t too many people who aren’t millionaires in the U.S. Senate！
Status is the honor or respect attached to a person’s position in society. It can also be affected by power and class， but not necessarily so. For example， a university professor may have a high status but not belong to a high social class or have a lot of power over others.
此类材料内容涉及社会、科技、医疗、健康、体育卫生、教育、公共环境等。内容多难深，专用名词、专业术语较多。地名，人名庞杂，易分散阅读注意力，干扰阅读思维。为阅读中的拉分题。但2013年明显大幅降到了难度。
材料格式多为：
前段（I、II段）：给出调查报告（research/survey）的主题
（Topic sentence）
中段：给出调查报告的过程叙述或不同人士对此topic的看法见解。
未段：作者或他人对此调查的看法、结论。
题干设问方式：
1. According to the passage， ，
According to Professor **，……
In opinion of **，……
Professor/Dr. ** found/thought
According to the passage we can infer……
2. What is the best title of the passage？
The passage mainly tell us----
（主旨归纳题，多在首段中找出处）
From the text， we can know/conclude -----
What is the writing purpose of the text
（归纳判断题，多在末、首段找出处）。
今年C篇是关于社会等级权利地位的话题报告。
54题：细节题。A和C选项同时在第二段最后一句出现，但是信息与最后一句不符合，所以应该排除， D选项直接与第二段第三句冲突。 所以答案选B. Nearly half Americans belong to the middle class. 在第二段第四句有明确体现。
55题：细节题。此题难度较大，主要因为题干没有给出明确的定位词。当然，这种细节正误辨析类型，题干繁多、无处着手，我们在课堂上交给学生去用选项比较法去解决。用四个选项中的中心词定位，可知答案选A. power and class do not always correspond with each other. 其余选项均与文章不符。
56题：文章语篇结构题。我们在三轮模拟训练中已经做过两次，学生应该十分熟悉。第一段综述，其余三段分述。答案选A。
D篇阅读材料：故事类。材料类型和B篇一样。
今年是一篇关于子女教育的故事。
About 30 years ago， I left Cuba for the United States with my son. After getting settled finally in Brunswick， New Jersey， I enrolled（注册） my son in kindergarten. Several weeks later， my son’s teacher asked me to meet him at his office.
In the teacher’s office， and exchange of greetings was followed by his questions： “Is your son mentally retarded（弱智的）？Does he suffer from any kind of mental disability？”
Was he talking about my wonderful Scola？ NO， no， it can’t be. What a helpless， lonely moment！ I told him that Scola was a quiet， sweet little boy， instead. I asked him why he was asking me all these questions. My son could not follow the teacher’s directions， he told me， and thus， Scola was disrupting the class， Didn’t he know my son did not speak English yet？
He was angry； “Why hasn’t your son been taught to speak English？ Don’t you speak English at home？”
No， I didn’t speak English at home， I replied. I was sure my son would learn English in a couple of months， and I didn't want him to forget his native language. Well， wrong answer！ What kind of person would not speak in English to her son at home and at all time？ “Are you one of those people who come to this country to save dollars and send them back to their country， never wanting to be a part of this society？”
Needless to say， I tried to tell him I was not one of “those people.” Then he told me the meeting was over， and I left.
As I had expected， my son learned to speak English fluently before the school year was over. He went on to graduate from college and got a job， earning close to six figures. He travels widely and leads a well-adjusted， contented life. And he has benefited from being bilingual（双语的）。
Speaking more than one language allows people to communicate with others； it teaches people about other cultures and other places—something very basic and obviously lacking in the “educator” I met in New Jersey.
57题：细节推理题。从文中前半部分尤其是第二段第四段及第五段老师问的问题可以推理出，答案选A. to discuss Scola’s in class performance。
58题：词义辨析题。第四段第一句说到坐着的儿子不会说英语听不懂老师的指令，由此答案选D. Disturbing，他妨碍了课堂的进行。
答题技巧：熟词换词义，生词换地方。
59题：态度观点题。答案选C. positive。
60题：推理文章出处题。文章关于教育话题，最后一段也有暗示，答案选B. education。
总而言之，阅读理解答题，要限时（5篇以35分钟为宜），要先划定题干区域（句、词或段），再精读细划支撑文篇内容脉络的 key words，对比选项，锁定答案。
（陕西省洋县中学）