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威尔逊认为应该以大脑生物学为基准统一自然科学、社会科学和人文科学,其理由在于大脑生物学将为我们提供关于人类一切意识和行为的最终解释。但是,普特南通过对计算机硬件—软件关系和人的大脑—心灵关系之间的类比指出,硬件语言和软件语言作为两个不同的语言系统都有其各自的应用语境,文章由此出发论证了不同的人对同一种现实可以进行不同的理解和解释,自然科学和人文科学作为两种不同的文化形态有其各自的存在价值。因此,追求知识的统一是不必要的,而文化的多样性应受到保护。
Wilson argued that the natural sciences, social sciences, and humanities should be unified on the basis of brain biology on the grounds that brain biology will provide us with the ultimate explanation of all human consciousness and behavior. However, Putnam pointed out that the analogy between computer hardware-software relationship and human brain-soul relationship indicates that hardware language and software language have their respective contexts as two different language systems. It is demonstrated that different people can have different understandings and interpretations of the same reality. Natural science and humanities have their own existence value as two different forms of culture. Therefore, it is not necessary to pursue the unification of knowledge, and the diversity of cultures should be protected.