“士”阶层是春秋末期开始兴起的。在战国时期表现为勇于进取,提出许多的政治理论。秦王朝对待士人采取了焚书坑儒等暴力手段的文化专制政策,使士人深刻的体会到了大一统政治的无情。秦朝二世而亡,汉王朝对士人采取了有别于秦朝的政策。文章从士人在社会环境、文化氛围、心理变化等方面分析士人在两朝不同境遇的历史原因。一、社会环境1.秦王朝——极端君主专制中央集权制度秦王嬴政实现了大一统的政治局面后立即着手建立中央集权的专制制度。专制制度的确立,使皇帝不仅在名义上,更在实际上也 “Shi ” class is the beginning of spring and autumn began to rise. In the Warring States period showed the courage to forge ahead, put forward many political theory. The Qin dynasty’s treatment of intellectuals took the cultural despotism policy of burning books, punishing Confucianism and other violent means, and made the scholars profoundly appreciate the mercilessness of the unification politics. Qin Dynasty II died, the Han Dynasty adopted a different policy to the Qin Dynasty. The article analyzes the historical reasons for the different circumstance of Scholars in the two dynasties from the aspects of social environment, cultural atmosphere and psychological changes. I. Social Environment 1. Qin Dynasty - System of Autocratic Centralized Autocratic System Qin Wang Kui-hsien immediately embarked upon the establishment of a centralized autocratic system after the realization of a unified political situation. The establishment of the authoritarian system made the emperor not only in name but also in fact